ATMOSPHERE OF HOPE: Searching for Solutions to the Climate Crisis
TIM FLANNERY
Text Publishing, 2015, 245 pages
Review by Phil Shannon
The Australian scientist, Tim Flannery, became fascinated with proposals to extract excess CO2 from the atmosphere and oceans when the billionaire aeronautics carbon-polluter, Richard Branson, in response to Flannery’s first book on climate change (The Weather Makers), invited Flannery to be a judge on Branson’s £25 million Virgin Earth Challenge prize for methods of carbon withdrawal and storage.
Amongst the entrants, writes Flannery in his latest book, Atmosphere of Hope, he found a dozen which could become “indispensable tools for our survival”. He calls these the ‘Third Way’ of tackling global warming, superior to adaptation (living with the global pathologies of a warmed world) and safer than geo-engineering to reflect solar radiation back into space (a dangerous ‘cure’ potentially worse than the disease).
Flannery believes that some climate engineering techniques are more acceptable because they simply accelerate natural processes of atmospheric and hydrological carbon management. Using photosynthesis to grow, for example, vegetation dines on CO2 and stores the waste carbon as plant matter but this process is only 1% efficient. We can force nature to do better, believes Flannery, by dramatically boosting the pace of the natural carbon cycle and storing the extracted carbon in biological (forest, seaweed, biochar) form or in synthetic products, or by sequestering it through deep or frigid (South Pole) burial.
‘Third Way’ techniques range from the unobjectionable (afforestation and wetlands reclamation) to the more problematic such as ocean fertilisation, chemically-enhanced weathering of rocks, production of carbon-negative cement and plastics, and carbon capture which is not designed simply to prolong the life of fossil fuels.
Flannery is excited by the technical possibilities and challenges of his ‘Third Way’ carbon-suckers, and his desperate desire to resurrect a habitable world is genuinely passionate, but his ‘Third Way’ project is unconvincing and, in the end, self-defeating.
To be fair to Flannery, he does temper his enthusiasm with an acknowledgement of the problems that beset ‘Third Way’ climate salvation (scientific complexity, environmental risk, intimidating cost, problems of scale, decades-long lead-times, etc.) but he argues that these issues necessitate embarking on the ‘Third Way’ now to overcome such difficulties in time to avoid climate catastrophe.
This approach, however, detracts attention and resources from the urgency for economic and political campaigning to tackle global warming and its fossil fuel industry culprits now. Although Flannery argues that ‘Third Way’ de-carbonisation must not be used as an excuse for the failure to cut fossil fuel emissions, his Pollyanna view of a capitalism-friendly techno-fix to bypass political failure on climate change is most likely to contribute to the global warming inertia of business-as-usual, no matter how bad the climate gets.
Human ingenuity, coupled with market mechanisms such as carbon pricing and trading, Flannery believes, will triumph through technological innovation propelling market economics to a greener future by making renewable energy cheaper and fossil fuels (and uranium) more expensive to energy capitalists. This plan to skirt the major roadblock of the economic power and political influence of fossil fuel interests through science, green entrepreneurship and the market is doomed to be, at best, too gradual and ineffectual, or, at worst, counter-productive.
By not scaring the sacrosanct GDP horses, by not challenging the capitalist god of economic growth, Flannery obscures the link between global warming and the capitalist economic system that has given rise to it, a link which, as Naomi Klein has argued, is grasped by smokestack-hugging political conservatives better than most, and which underlies their climate denialism and their fierce and extremely well-funded resistance.
Flannery’s ‘Third Way’ is the grand, and risky, illusion of geo-engineering, albeit shorn of its dangerously wilder fantasies, that will keep capitalism humming all the way up to environmental Armageddon. The ‘Third Way’ is predicated on the inviolability of economic growth with its imperative of making more profits by selling more stuff to more people. Flannery’s future of low-carbon, ‘Third Way’ cement and plastics and electric cars would colonise ever more of the biosphere in a victory for the capitalist growth principle over a liveable planet.