Fluid Mechanics

Properities of Fluids  

• • What is a Fluid?

  • Continuum Hypothesis

  • Viscosity

  • Kinematic Viscosity

  • Density

  • Specific Volume

  • Specific Weight

  • Specific Gravity

  • Pressure

  • Temperature

  • Velocity

  • Ideal Gas Law

  • Bulk Modulus

  • Vapour Pressure

  • Surface Tension

  • Pressure inside a Drop of Fluid

  • Capillary Tube

Fluid Statics  

• • Fluid Forces

  • Pressure at a Point within a Fluid

  • Equation for Pressure Field

  • Body Forces

  • Total Force

  • Incompressible Fluids

  • Compressible Fluids, Properties of the Atmosphere

  • Measurement of Pressure

  • Manometry

  • Mercury Barometer

  • Piezometer Tube

  • U-tube Manometer

  • Differential U-tube Manometer

  • Hydrostatic Force on a Submerged Surface

  • Center of Pressure

  • Geometric Properties of Common Shapes

  • Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface

  • Buoyance and Stability

  • Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies

Control Volume Analysis, Integral Methods  

• • Basic Concepts, Velocity

  • Steady and Unsteady Flows

  • One, Two and Three Dimensional Flows

  • Flow Description, Streamline, Pathline, Streakline and Timeline

  • Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches

  • System and Control Volume

  • Differential and Integral Approaches

  • Integral Equations, Basic Laws for Fluid Flow

  • Conservation of Mass

  • Newton's Second Law of Motion

  • Conservation of Energy

  • Second Law of Thermodynamics

  • Reynolds Transport Theorem

  • Derivation of the Theorem for One-Dimensional Flow

    • • Conservation of Mass

      • Steady Flow

      • Incompressible Flow

      • V.dA

  • Application to One-Dimensional Control Volume

    • • Momentum Equation

      • Bernoulli Equation

      • Application of Continuity Equation

      • Application of Momentum Equation

      • Body Force

      • Surface Forces

  • Application to moving Control Volumes

  • Equation for Angular Momentum

  • Deformable Control Volumes with non-inertial acceleration

  • Energy Equation

  • Energy Equation for a One-Dimensional Control Volume

  • Low Speed Applications

  • Relationship between Energy and Bernoulii Equation

  • Bernoulii Equation for Aerodynamic Flow

  • Stagnation Pressure

  • Energy Grade Line

  • Kinetic Energy Correction Factor

Applications of Integral Methods  

• • Flow through a Sharp-edged Orifice

  • Flow through a Nozzle

  • Flow through a Venturi Tube

  • Important Applications of Control Volume Anaysis

  • Measurement of Drag of a Body Immersed in a Fluid

    • • Continuity Equation

      • Momentum Equation

  • Jet Impingement on a Surface

  • Forces on a Pipe Bend

  • Froude's Propeller Theory

    • • Continuity Equation

      • Momentum Equation

      • Bernoulli Equation

  • Analysis of Wind Turbine

  • Pressure Loss through a Sudden Expansion

    • • Continuity Equation

      • Momentum Equation

      • Bernoulli Equation

  • Measurement of Airspeed

Potential Flow Theory  

• Conservation of Mass

• Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

• Continuity Equation for Steady Flow

• Continuity Equation for Incompressible Flow

• Velocity Potential

• Streamfunction

• Streamfunction is constant along a Streamline

• Streamfunction change between two Streamlines is proportional to Volumetric Flow

• Streamfunction in Polar Coordinates

• Kinematics of Fluid Motion

• Translation

• Linear Deformation

• Rotation

• Angular deformation

• Circulation

• Occurance of Irrotational or Rotational Flows

• Simple Examples of Plane Potential Flows

  • • Potential Flow in Cartesian Coordinates

    • Equations in Polar Coordinates

    • Uniform Flow

    • Source or Sink

    • Vortex

    • Circulation around a vortex

    • Source-Sink Pair

    • Doublet

    • Superposition of Elementary Flows

    • Uniform Flow and a Source

    • Rankin Oval

    • Flow around a Circular Cylinder

    • Flow about a Lifting Cylinder

    • Stagnation Points for a Lifting Cylinder

    • Surface Pressure Distribution and Lift

    • Magnus Effect

    • Kutta-Joukowsky Theorem

Examples of Potential Flow  

• • Horizontal Uniform Flow

  • Uniform Flow at 10 degrees Angle of Attack

  • Source or Sink Flow

  • Vortex Flow

  • Source in Horizontal Stream

  • Vortex in Horizontal Stream

  • Source-Sink Pair

  • Source-Sink Pair in Horizontal Stream

  • Doublet

  • Doublet in Horizontal Stream (Circular Cylinder Flow)

  • Rotating Cylinder in Uniform Flow

  • Fast Rotating Cylinder in Uniform Flow

  • Flow in Right Angle Corner

  • Cylinder Flow near Wall (Cylinder Image Flow)

  • Source-Sink Distribution in Uniform Flow (Streamlined Body)

Dimensional Analysis  

• • Need for Non-Dimensional Numbers

  • Buckingham-Pi Theorem

  • Application of Buckingham-Pi Theorem

  • Importance of Non-Dimensional Numbers

  • Reynolds Number

  • Froude Number

  • Weber Number

  • Pressure Coefficient

  • Drag and Lift Coefficients

  • Table : Important Non-Dimensional Numbers

  • Similitude

  • Geometric Similarity

  • Kinematic Similarity

  • Dynamic Similarity

Introduction to Boundary Layers  

• • Viscous Effects in External Flows

  • Boundary Layer Flow

  • Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers

  • Separation of Flow

  • Drag

  • Drag Coefficient

Viscous Flow in Pipes  

• • Classification of Flows, Laminar and Turbulent

  • Pressure along a Pipe

  • Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe

  • Volumetric Flow Rate

  • Correction for Non-horizontal Pipes

  • Energy Considerations, Friction factor

  • Dimensional Analysis

  • Turbulent Flow through Pipes

  • Logarithmic Overlap Law

  • Wall Layer

  • Overlap Layer

  • Outer Layer

  • Power Law Velocity Profile