NEWS in (Research)

Shamsul Aizam : CV 2024

1. My CV: As Attached

2. Vacancies : 

Looking for Master/Phd students for these projects

1.  Hardware in the Loop : Unhealthy machine 

As known, the usage of induction machines in industrial process is increasing. The problem on the induction machine is when unhealthy machine is connected to the healthy machine within the same bus-bar network. When this is happen, the back EMF current that induces from the stator flux from the unhealthy machine will flow to the healthy machine and will disturb the stability and output torque, that will reduced the efficiency of the motor performance . Currently, motor with rating more than 5hp is used in the industries and it is the most effect machine due to the fault. By implementing the HIL, the researcher can also maximize the number of dynamics input parameters compare to the steady- state parameters for observing the total machine performance.

In this project, the HIL concept will be developed for the induction machines that been connected to the local distribution network using d-Space 1004 a real time simulator that is available in the lab and with the MATLAB-Simulink package for Graphical User Interface (GUI). As stated, the MATLAB-Simulink library is the suitable program for modelling the induction machine model and the back-EMF current response for determining the motor stability during the test simulation. I, the best location to solve this problem is at the motor drive which consists of power converters. The converter can be improved by improving the dynamic voltage and current performance of the Field Oriented Control (FOC) technique for switching pattern for the flux stator generation. It is where, the motor stator flux is considered to be proportionally linear to the air gap between the stator and rotor. So, it can be understand that, the back EMF current will change this air gap and as the result it will change the flux. Figure 1 shows the proposed system diagram in order to have HIL to the machine

2. Development of H-infinity with time delay control on  disturbance sensitivity in three phase inverter grid

This project is to model a time delay application on the H-infinity control for inverter grid connection. As known the, the grid network is consists a lot o electrical pollution especially the harmonics current. This harmonics current if not been taken care it will be corrupted the output of the inverter. This disturbances should be the included in modelling the controller with robust application such as the H-Infinity. However the H-infinity is not included with the time delay response where it give interruption on the signal. Here, the idea to combine this time delay to H-infinity will be developed for increase the ride through of the inverter with high good quality of power whenever the grid is polluted.

3.  Hardware In the Loop (HIL) Implementation for Real Data Acquisition on  Power Stability 

Power system networks are expanding day by day. The expanding is caused by the increasing number of industrial loads connected to the existing network. It is where, the new machines especially with high efficiency motors are been connected to the source. Therefore, the power system networks become more vulnerable to the fault or small power deviation in the network. In order to maintain the stability and the reliability of the network, a lot of test techniques should be considered and conducted. It is to make sure, the electrical network is in good performance at all time. If the practical tests need to be conducted, several contingency plans need to be setup, in order to make sure it will not affect the whole electrical power system network than can lead to a total power blackout. At the mean time, the test also requires several dynamics parameter of the electrical system, that is not possible to be test at one time in real network where it requires a lot of time and expensive equipments for this purpose[1][2][3].

4. REGENERATIVE BRAKING GENERATION DURING LANDING AIRCRAFT FOR FUTURE POWER SOURCE (TAKEN)

Energy is the fundamental resource which makes the world move forward. This energy can be found from as small as in heat to as large as in transportation. Most energy sources that used today are to drive electric equipments and these sources have been used for over a century ago. Currently, these sources are reducing faster than before. This has triggered a new exploration in the field of renewable energy, and it needs to be done quickly and continuously. Most of the developed countries have explored these renewable energy sources such as wind power, solar power, tidal power and have put this task in their mainstream growth, and also included it in the annual budget to encourage people to exploit these free resources. Alternative energy resources are also part of the renewable energy sources, and include the sources from waste energy such as kinetic energy which have no undesired consequences after generation. From the energy law, energy cannot be eliminated but it can be changed to another form of energy. Due to this concept, a regenerative braking has been introduced into the vehicles. This is where the kinetic energy can be changed to electrical energy when the vehicle is slowing down/ to stop. The energy produced here is small due to the low inertia and is only suitable for use in the vehicle operation such as initial start or small mechanical works. From this concept, huge amounts of energy can be produced and changed if high inertia can be stored in the vehicle. This has lead to use an aircraft during landing as a source which it stores huge kinetic energy which currently has been wasted as heat. As a result, this research is undertaken in order to recognize, understand and process this alternative energy source that is generated from the landing aircraft and changed to electrical energy in order to increase the power generation from the renewable energy sources. 

5.  Power Conditioning Control in Hybrid Energy System for smart grids distribution.

 In renewable energy generation, power conditioning system is important. Various configurations and topologies have been proposed which are depended to the impedance network between the grid to power generation network. Hybrid energy system in smart grids is consisting of several renewable energy sources with different circuit of arrangements, power generation and types of electrical supply that will be supplied to the grid.  As an example, solar energy system requires no maintenance and it is reliable and silent. However the wind energy has different characterises such as the swing equations and pitch angle control should be taken as the consideration on the power control process. The different energy generated from both sources are also need to be considered where for solar energy it is between few hundred kilowatts while the wind energy it can goes up to several Megawatts. Since both sources are intermittent sources of energy, these sources have be combined with complementary sources of energy storage device or management. While batteries or super-capacitor are an ideal choice for short term energy storage, a suitable bidirectional power flow with condition control is required in order for maintaining the frequency and the stability of the grid.

This research proposes a new approach in power conditioning controller in order to maintain the power distribution among the hybrid energy resources. The basic concept related to the availability of the impedance network connected to the grid. A separated DC source from the renewable energy is able to be maintained and distributed without any interruption among the input. The parallel sharing algorithms among the converters are required and will be the importance parameters on the power control. The idea to have power control is to make sure the converters will not create a surplus/ sending the surplus power to the existing electrical grid.   As for the power control, the disturbance of the grid, input source, THD of the point of connection need to be the input paramenters for the controller design. A robust controller design is required for integrating among the inputs to the very specific output. With a proper design of the controller, with the PWM generation signal to the converters the power sharing/flows between the inputs to the output can be achieved. 

6. Grid Stability Improvement for Electric Vehicles Charging Station in Fast Charging Battery (TAKEN)

The number of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing tremendously since the last decade. This is due to the technology advancement especially in electric motor design and government policy in order to reduce the amount of carbon foot print in the atmosphere generates from the vehicles. As the result, the United Kingdom will impose totally an Electric Vehicles (EVs) in their transportation network in 2040 [1]. All of these arguments have shown that, EV will be the dominant discussion very soon in time. However, most of the aspects on the EV such as the charging/discharging of battery, energy management between the battery and the driving motor or vice versa, the concepts of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) or Grid to Vehicle (G2V) are well been discussed by the researchers around the world, but there is less explanation regarding to the charging station issues.As known, the EV charging station consists of power converters configuration. It is connected to the existing electrical grid with the power converter such as the rectifier in order to convert the AC grid input to DC output voltage source. When the EV is connected to this charging station, the behavior of the charging station will be changed. Therefore, the EV will see the power converter as a nonlinear source. At the meantime, the EV battery is actively contributed to the frequency pollution in grid stability [2] when it has been connected to the converter. As a result, the autonomous grid between EV loads to the grid source cannot be performed. In this case, if the grid stability is been disturbed continuously, the power flows between the grid to the battery cannot be maintained in order to give fast charging period to the EV. This problem is not happen to the power flows only, but also it will reduce the power factor and grid frequency at the AC source in order to have continuous primary frequency control [2] at the grid side. As for seen from the EV perspective, the ability to give high respond on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is also important [3,4,5,6] by considering of the effect of harmonics line impedance to the EV battery-grid connection [9] also need to be discussed. The EV battery is changing rapidly when the capacitance mode occurs during charging while it is in inductive mode during discharging will also contribute to the AC grid stability.

    As for an example, one EV will not contribute to those problems but what happen when hundreds of EVs are connected to the same AC-Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of the power converter. Here, it will create tremendous problem if these issues are not been tackled at the beginning. Therefore, it is necessary to make sure, the EV charger is able to minimize the impact to the electric grid by providing high power factor in order to make sure the EV battery can be charged at the very short at time [3] while maintaining the frequency grid when the energy flows to the battery regarding to the SOC of the battery.In order to solve the problems stated above, several researchers have used a two stage power converters or two stage controllers. The two stages power converters are by combining the AC/DC converter (rectifier) with a DC/DC converter [3,4,7] before connects to the EV as shown in Figure 1. This strategy will increase the number of switches in the power converters and will also contribute to the total cost of EV charger itself. At the meantime, this configuration needs a dual loop controllers at the rectifier whereby, first it needs to maintain the DC link voltage at the DC/DC converter from the outer voltage loop control while at the same time it also needs to have a power flows control as a inner loop control to maintain the stability at the AC grid [5,7]. Another problem is on the battery charging period and the SOC condition of the battery during charging [5] that will not be overcharge that will short the lifetime of the battery.

    In this project, its proposes to use only one power converter which is the AC/DC converter in order reduce the number of switches and also to combine the voltage output control or direct power control as the rectifier controller as shown in Figure 2. From this figure, the idea is to implement the synchronous motor formulation in rectifier control. As known, the synchronous motor will maintain the AC grid input by giving the sinusoidal signals to the voltage and current while maintaining the AC frequency. At the meantime, the torque generates from the motor is respond to the changes of the power flows from the AC source and can be behave as a DC source as when it been applied to the EV battery. This concept has been applied to the rectifier [8] with constant load where it shows that, the rectifier is able to give high power factor at the AC source and at the same time able to control the DC voltage. However, some modification is necessary in order to use this concepts of fast charging at the EV battery whereby it has two modes which are constant current charge and constant voltage charge [6] conditions.  

7.  Sensorless Dynamic Field Oriented Controller in Induction Motor During On-Road Driving for Electric Vehicle (Taken)

Electric Vehicles (EV) will be the main transportation in the future. It is because, it has friendly environment effects, able to generate energy in feed-in tariff mechanism and able to reduce mechanical configuration on the EV. These advantages have attracted more research on this new technology. During motoring of an EV, speed and torque sensors are the main parameter inputs that will determined the speed, stability, precision and power flow management of the induction motor (IM). Therefore, these sensors should be in the healthy condition in all the time whatever the condition of the road.Currently, speed and torque sensors are used to regulate the performance inside the EV in order to give a good dynamic response especially for torque and speed of the EV. However, the price for these sensors is relatively high and very sensitive to the road condition. Therefore, this project is about to develop a sensorless dynamic Field Oriented Controller (FOC) for the IM during on-road driving. The new controller will be tested on the constant torque and varying torque in order to mimic the road condition. The biggest challenge is when; the EV is in motoring mode on un-flat surface, where the dynamic of the motor will be changed frequently. Therefore, it is necessary for EV to give continuous regulated speed for maintaining the motor efficiency.In order to develop this sensorless dynamic FOC controller, a speed estimation behavior is needed to be included which can represent as a speed sensor signal. This improved controller will be tested in Hardware in The Loop (HIL). As from the results of this simulation, the behavior of the, IM, controller, and respond are the same with the real time motor condition.  Therefore, by using this technique the time, accuracy and robustness or the controller can be measured in IM.

8. Integration of Multi PV-EV Penetration on the Existing Grid Network for Urban Smart Grid

In this project, a new penetration control for fast reactive power supply will be developed. This controller will apply an intelligent maximum power tracking system in order to behave as an autonomous smart grid where it can be operated remotely without any master or slave command. The EV market is expanding tremendously and now it rquired a step back by looking the readiness of the existing PVs infrastructure in order to cope with EV charging station for creating a new types of  low hybrid power generation In Malaysia. As mentioned in National Energy Transition Roadmap, by 2030  14% generation must from the PV sources. PV panel is suitable to be place to any open space which exposed to direct sunlight. This is where the PV can be installed at the parking space and this parking space also integrated with EV charging station. As known,  the PV generates the peak demand supply and it is not considered as a based energy supply while combining with the constant EV battery source the generation from this hybrid sources is more practical to be connected to the load as for based energy. Therefore, a new  AI control algorithm based on decentralized model which can be integrated with voltage, equal power and frequency regulations. Therefore, this project will test this control for this new hybrid combination.  The energy sharing between the EVs and PVs is based on the concepts of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) for EV while power flow control for the PV is also needed for mainting the EV battery and stability of the load. At the same time generation by the PV and energy from the EV battery and also when the load is changes according to the requested load power. At the end, this hybrid sources can be located at the urban area where local energy generation is supplied for local communities and it more easy and practical for local authority in KPKT judistry with big parking space area. At the same the speed achieved zero emission road map can be achieved faster then the target year.

9.  Decentralized Power Sharing Among DGs for Autonomous Smart Grids

Nowadays, electrical grids are becoming more independent due to the increase of the Distributed Generation sources which been attached to the existing electrical system. As known, these DGs are coming from different energy sources such as the wind, solar and waste energy. Due to this different kind of sources, each source is connected to a different power processing converters in order to change the renewable energy to electrical energy before it can be sent to the gird or located at the microgrid. In order to maintain the accuracy on the frequency, voltage and power delivery when there are several power resource, a consideration should be taken care such as the integration of each DGs, power sharing among the DGs and fault mitigation mechanism if the DGs have been overburden due to energy generation or faulty condition from the grid. All of these problems can be solved by creating a communication line between the DGs or it can work as decentralized inverter autonomously regarding to the condition of the electrical grid. Moreover when the communication between DGs is been applied, lot of investment/cost is required such as building the data centre, cable infrastructure network and frequent maintenance issues. This is to make sure/avoid wrong information given to the DGs that will oversupply the power supply or made the sharing power is not responsive to the grid that will lead to total shut down. At the same time, the DGs will become too dependent to each other and will collapse one and another. Therefore, this research is about to establish the decentralized DGs control environment for different DGs sources where it can lead to autonomous smart grids. The important to have an autonomous smart grid is because the configuration can be changed to a microgrid network during day time that will benefit on the power distribution supply during peak source or as power conditioner for the grid stability when there is a fault in the grid. As the main advantage is where it will lead to reduce the numbers of conventional power generation while at the same time it will reduce the carbon footprint to the environment. Another reason to establish an autonomous smart grids is because when energy market is been open to all parties such as the consumer, the power provider and the power monitoring clients will be democratized the electrical grid where it will create a bidirectional power flow among them.

10. Mix Generations Microgrid with Self-Synchronization Droop Control During Unbalanced Condition (Taken).

Mix generations of electrical power have become one of the futures trends in power generation. It is when several renewable energies generations are been connected to the common power point in order to create a complex system which is called the Microgrids. As known, the microgrids will be the future electrical network due to its location which is near to the loads, easy to control the power flows and the most important thing the power rating at the Microgrid can be expanded continuously without disturbing other power generations in the network. However, those different types of renewable energy cannot be integrated directly to each other. Therefore, a self-synchronization mechanism that will maintain the voltage, frequency and power flows between them should be developed. At the moments, this synchronization is been controlled by the most highly-rated power among them. By this case, the most rated power will dominate the system and this will make the system vulnerable to the uncontrol when the unbalanced condition happens that can cause a total shutdown to the Microgrid. Moreover, if the Microgrid is not able to solve this condition with certain limit of time the sources should be separated from the network. Therefore this self-synchronization should also include the specific time for responded during the unbalanced system at the load or at the generation. In order to achieve this target, this project will not use the Phase Look Loop (PLL) technique but be able to operate as virtual PLL when it needed. As a result, when applied this new controller the unbalanced system can be solved instantaneously within the controller itself and also will able to limit the shutdown time on the electrical grid system. In the end, the new controller should be robust, self-operated and self-monitor that only can be achieved by implementing the robust self droop control mechanism.

11. Power Accuracy Controller For Mix Generation Sources At Low Power Microgrid (Taken)

Recently, more and smaller distribution network has been developed and modernised in order to create an independent electrical network. This independent is because to have a system that is self-generation, self-distribution and self-healing when there are problems in its network. This system is called as an autonomous microgrid system. As been known, the microgrid is consisting of distributed generators (DGs) and loads. There are two sides to be considered on this topology which are the distribution sides (DG) and loads. At the moments the EV has attracted much interest by the researchers’ around the world due to it advantages. EV can also be a new of small power generation that can contribute to the self-autonomous microgrid. Currently, most of the microgrid use renewable energy sources such as the solar, wind and biomass or etc for power generation. The concepts of mix generation in this project is about to combine RE generators with EV generator for the load power distribution in the microgrid. Therefore, this project will develop an improved power accuracy control for self-autonomous DG for high power factor load. As for the DGs, the mix generations sources will be in place to the microgrid. This is when; the DG mix generation is a combination of renewable energy generators and with the electric vehicle source where at the moments this trends is been working by others researcher around the world. As for the record the operation of both power generations is a different whereby one generator should be a based generation while other power should provide the peak generation. Therefore, a improved power distribution control based on the power accuracy should be implemented in this project. This control will create/made a decision on the level of the power to be transferred based on the loads condition. Therefore, the microgrid with EV source and PV source will be developed in the MATLAB for testing verification. The improved control structure will also be compared with the conventional control system. The improved control in not just to have power accuracy conditions but also able to maintain the quality power that been transferred such as by maximize the power factor at the load for high efficiency operation.

12. Robust and Deep Learning Control for Multilevel Inverter D-STATCOM  for New Distributed Generation Sources to the Existing Local Grid (Taken)

Multilevel inverter will be a converter for the next Distributed Generation structure. It is because it only required a small amount of DC input but generating high AC voltage source at the output. At the same time, by the advancement of the controller theory, the control structure can be robust and efficient in any conditions.  Therefore, this project has taken the first step to apply robust with deep learning construction to the multilevel inverter for D-STATCOM or Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) configuration. The D-SATCOM and DVR will be modelled in PSCAD with IEEE 9 busbar or TNB Johor Bahru mesh circuit. By developing this real network, and also by introducing the fault system it will help the authority to determine the best location and configuration for multilevel D-STATCOM. This location and restoration are very important to create fast response mitigation on voltage and frequency while at the same time reduce the THD from the injected current. This controller will also respond to any disturbance from the fault and grid with the deep learning analysis based on Fuzzy Logic or Neural Netwoks which able to communicate between several outsource data from the D-STATCOM/DVR.   Therefore,  the increasing the number of inverter level output, the size of the low pass filter can be reduced which it will contribute for better connection between the DG to the electrical grid. All the results show that multilevel D-STATCOM/DVR inverter is very useful as the alternative equipment when a new DG connection that needs to be installed with the existing complex mech network to  contribute to high power, high grid accuracy and high response of the controller stability

13. Power Control Between Multi String Single Phase Hybrid Energy System for Power Sharing Configuration

In renewable energy (RE) generation, power conditioning system is important. Various configurations and topologies have been proposed which are depended to the impedance network between the grids to power generation sources. Recently, hybrid energy system is used in a grid where it consists of several renewable energy sources with different circuits of power converters, power generation and types of electrical supply connected at the point of common coupling at the grid.  As an example, solar energy and battery storage generate DC output voltage while wind power generation generates AC voltage output. Due to these different sources that been connected at the same electrical grid, it is required to have improved/advanced power control conditioning for controlling the power flows among the sources but in multi-string inverter topology [1][2][3][7][8][9]. It also where,  it can share accurate power among the input sources. The multistring inverter is used in order to reduce the cost of power converter and at the same time to maintain and give good quality voltage at the output. As for the multistring inverter it can be symmetrical and asymmetric structure [8] that  need to be considered. This sharing is important, where it can help the sources to have long life cycle and maintain the frequency and dynamic behavior during islanded mode and give good quality signal [4][5] at the load. However, the amount of energy generates from the sources are also need to be considered, where for solar energy it can generate between few hundred Kilowatts, the wind energy it can goes up to several Megawatts while for battery storage it is about few kilowatts. Since all sources are intermittent sources of energy, these sources are generally needed to be managed and reliable to the grid system where at the end it can create an autonomous smart grids [4][6] for the future configuration.

This research is about to propose a new approach in power conditioning controller  in order to maintain and to have accurate power distribution among the hybrid energy resources [2][7] lies on multi-string inverter topology [3] that been connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) in electrical grid. The advancement of robust parallel control sharing algorithms among the converters are important and it requires as the importance parameters on the robustness [7] power controlled design by determine the impedance network [5] connected by each source to the electrical grid and the voltage and current through the electrical grid. The benefit to have robust power control is to make sure the converter will not create a surplus/ bad quality power sending to the existing electrical grid [3][9].  At the meantime, for this improves power control, the disturbance of the grid, input source and harmonics consideration are needed to be the input parameters in the controller design. A robust controller design [7] is required for integrating among the inputs to the very specific output. With a proper design of the controller, the accurate power sharing by the multistring inverter will give power sharing/flows between the inputs to the output can be achieved. 

14.EV Nanogrids with Super Fast  Battery Management using AI in DC Microgrid Environment

Recently, more and more new Electric Vehicles (EV) are been showcase to the world. Soon, it will create a most popular vehicle that will cover transportation area. Those vehicles are covered from land, sea and air transportations. At the same time, a mobile transportation of EV is also been explored recently, such as, the human carrying drone. All these EVs use a battery to operate. Imagine, there will be thousands of battery moving around road. This battery is operated as discharging when the EV is not operated and then in charging mode when the battery is operated. Therefore, when it not operated, it will create a massive of new energy source to the electrical network that available. Meantime, if the batteries are been integrated and closed to each other’s it can create a new nano-smart grid. As we known, a microgrid is a combination of several DGs which been integrated at a common point of common coupling (PCC) that generate around several kW to MG power to the load. As for the nano grids, the range is between 1kW to 10kW which is more suitable to a small housing area or for DC Microgrid level. This nano-grid is also suitable for urban living that required a continuous power supply for an executive residential area.  At the same time, the effect of nano-grid is also important to balance the existing electrical supply during power outage or during the load disturbance as for grid following condition. As for the nano-grids, a new solution on the battery integration/management should be applied and at the same time, where at the same time it will not reduce the efficiency of the EV itself for the next cycle operation.  As point of  an advanced system a Artificial Intelligent system should be in placed with deep learning configuration/optimization configuration for the battery power management at the DC microgid. This is where several masters should be dominant the power source supply with a battery slave control should also been allocated but with highly guarded and instructed by the master. Both of them should be equipped with highly reliable communication networks that not base only the power flows interchange between the battery and also  to secure recognition signal should be transmitted and need to be monitored.  There is a hope for the master and slave mechanisms with AI can control the reliability, secure the protection and create a user friendly system between the battery to the PCC in order establish a nano-grids network in the future. As a conclusion, it is hope when the EVs have dominated the land transportation, the nano-grids that use these small battery resources can be a game changer on how the electrical generation for nano scale power generation.

15. Development of AI-Based Robust Control System for Enhanced Power Sharing and Grid Stability for Hybrid EV-PV Generation 

Electric Vehicles (EVs) will dominate the land transportation at the future in Malaysia. As known, the EV is driven from the electric motor that is used the battery for energy supply. Based on Malaysia National Plan 12 (RMK 12), and National Energy Transition Roadmap (2023) Malaysia will go green in 2050 where 58% electric supply will be generated by the PV source. Therefore, the government has put a lot of interest in PV infrastructure for grid or islanded mode. In order to speed up this percentage, it is very interesting to integrate the PV farm/structure with the EV charging station for higher output generation. As known, the PV farm generates a constant power based on the rated PV output and the generation from the EV it is based but on the number of EVs been connected to the charging stations and the different rated power generation based on type of EV where in the simple word more EV more power. Meanwhile, the PV source generates the intermittent power due to time of the PV expose to the sunlight while the EV battery generates instantaneous power within in a short period of time where this power based is scheduled for vehicle to grid (V2G) mode or grid to vehicle (G2V). Here the challenge is on how these two different types of power can be shared equally, balanced and operating at the rated power. The problem is not only at the power sharing but the grid stability especially on the voltage and frequent of the grid should be monitors. On the side of EV source the but effects of the battery life cycle due to unplanned charging and discharging also can create unbalanced to the whole electric system. If these balanced are not be able to control it will create a reverse power generation that will flow at the electrical grid. Another problem is raised when the PV farm is connected close to EV charging station where both of them used the same Point of Common Coupling connection (PCC) which exposed to the voltage and frequency deviation at minimum load changes that that can create problem based on the circulating current at the PCC. So the equal power sharing between the sources and able to stabilize the PCC due to different rated power generation are now needed. Here, the proposed research will create an AI control management for these new kinds of energy where it will be no modification on the physical configuration but the change can be done at the control level based on the decentralized control model for equal power sharing for EV battery-PV and grid regulation stability. The issue at the battery is also need to be solve where when it is not supplying an instantaneous power during V2G it will affect the battery life cycle and cause unbalanced to the whole electric system. This has motivated the researchers to implementing a new robust AI controller management to mitigate these problems, increase the capability of battery management and maintain the grid stability connection in term of voltage and frequency rated value. Moreover, this research will give a new direction for new type of hybrid PV-EV battery sources for energy generation in the future that will not jeopardise the electric grid network. It also can be used as a local microgrid generation where in can be used by the local community or urban community for stable, reliable and constant power supply. At the meantime it will also benefit the local authority which has large area of parking spaces that can be integrated with PV parking bay and EV charging station for extra power energy generation or a selling product. This configuration also will help the authority to supply this extra energy to the local communities or to non-sensitive load such as the traffic lights, telecommunication station towers or to charge small size EV such as electric bicycle or electric scooter charging. Here, it shows that the hybrid PV-EV farms will be a new concept of energy supply where can contribute to more clean environment and a new source of generation Malaysia energy especially for the small local authority. 

16. Improved Control of Distributed Generation and Real-time Monitoring of Smart-Grids for PMU (taken)

As known, Distributed Generations (DGs) powers are new energy resources where it generates from natural energy sources such as wind, solar and waste energy and been applied nowadays. Due to these different kind of sources, each sources are connected with different power processing converters, different frequency, voltage and power rating and types of signal either AC or DC. Due to these differences, the synchronization is very important if we want to transfer this energy to the existing grid. Without the synchronization all the sources will be not able to transfer the active power. At the same time without the synchronization it will cause power swing which happens to electric Texas trip back in 2020. As can be seen from the DGs generation all the sources will generate different power rating and make the problem on the power sharing at the line of connection. If there is no proper power sharing among the DGs it will overburden the lowest rating generation and will make the grid system unstable and maybe it can collapse if this problem not been solved. All of these problems can be solved when the DGs work synchronization with the grid. At the moments to synch between the DGs and the electrical grid it need a Phase Look Loop (PLL) before the angle speed can be the parameter for the controller. In this proposal this parameter can be achieved in by using the droop controller mechanism in order to behave as autonomous smart grid.

It can be achieved by applying a new control strategy that uses frequency, voltage and power sharing parameters as the targets and references control. However, the challenges on this project are also need to observe on the transient time before and after the synchronization to avoid loss synchronization cycle. Normally those problems are being solved using the concept of inertia control on the generator control model but it will not response when the DGs sources change it rated generation. The conventional strategy can use Proportional Integration (PI) control while more robust controller such as the H-infinity control is good for linear and nonlinear input parameters with faster time compensation but it requires complex mathematical burden and dynamic configuration. Therefore, the self-auto synchronize control which can response on the equal power sharing and synchronization between the DGs with the advanced droop mechanism concept that will be proposed in this proposal. The flexibility of the synchronization will also be tested when the DGs are integrated with the PVs/EVs battery as independent sources that will respond and able to share accurate power accurate while maintaining frequency and voltage stability between the DGs-grid system.