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Why cite?
Why cite?
Video by RefME
More information on avoiding plagiarism and working with in-text citations can be found here. Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. Use this chart by Curtis Newbold to check if you have plagiarised.
How to cite? (APA Style)
How to cite? (APA Style)
Video by RefME
* APA Style uses a works cited list called References
All referencing styles come in two parts: the in-text citations (brief references in the essay proper) and end-of-text list (detailed references in a list after the essay ends). APA Style is the referencing style used in most social sciences (including Linguistics and Education). The rules can be found in the latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. If a citation instruction can't be found in the manual, it can most likely be found in the APA Style Blog or one of the many other APA guides online.
This is what APA referencing looks like. (See also this page.) The top example shows non-integral citation, while the bottom shows integral citation.
Multiple non-integral in-text citations are separated with semi-colons, e.g. (Bachman, 1990; Fulcher, 1999).
Here's what a (partial) end-of-text reference list looks like.
To get the 'hanging indents' (little spaces from the second line onwards of each entry) in the References list, highlight all the entries, then right click and choose Paragraph from the menu. Under Special, choose Hanging. Or press Ctrl+T.
Citing indirect sources
Note that you should ONLY cite sources that you have actually read. If Source A was mentioned in Source B, but you can't find Source A, cite ONLY Source B:
[Author A] argued that...(as cited in [Author B], 2003, p. 102).
ONLY Source B appears in your end-of-text list. Source A does not (since you never read it).
Virtually all in-text citations will have full equivalents in the end-of-text list. If a citation appears end-of-text, it should also appear somewhere in-text, and vice versa. (One important exception is the citation of personal communication.) We do not list sources that we have not cited in-text.
Regardless of your referencing style, the guide must be followed strictly. Remember that different source types have different formatting rules; e.g. different elements are italicised.
Do NOT:
Try to be creative -- they are RULES to be followed (even though it's called a guide).
Number your in-text references in any way (APA is an author-date, not a footnote/endnote system).
Number your end-of-text references -- they should be in alpha order.
Group your end-of-text references by source type.
Use any other symbol other than p. or pp. to indicate page number in-text.
Watch this playlist to help you with referencing (APA Style).
Citing Asian authors
When you see Last name and First name in referencing guides, they refer to surname/family name and personal name, respectively.
Asian authors may have no family name (e.g. Malay and some Indian), in which case follow this guide.
Examples (Chinese authors):
My surname is Chan (not Yun). I'd be cited Chan (2015) in-text and Chan, H. (2015). end-of-text.
If you were citing Lee Kuan Yew, you would cite e.g. Lee (2013), not Yew (2013) in-text, and Lee, K. Y. (2013). end-of-text.
If you aren't sure if the author's name is given East Asian style (surname first) or Western style (surname last), Googling the name should provide some clues.
APA style resources
How to Cite a Speech in APA Style (cite the source, not the speaker)
Referencing government publications (e.g. Ministry documents)
Other styles; citation apps
Other styles; citation apps
Referencing (basics and different styles)
If you use Google Scholar, it provides a cite button that automatically formats the end-of-text citation in three different styles, including APA, for each search result.
Other citation tools include:
https://www.refme.com/ (mobile apps available)
Apps are prone to errors, so be sure to check such citations carefully.
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