About

My name is Alonso Lai. I created this website for an American History Project. The contents of this site focuses on the rise of Anti-Asian hate as of 2021. This site explores the historic treatment of Asians in America, from the first wave of Chinese Immigrants in 1850, to prejudice laws and legislation put in place like the Chinese Exclusion Act. This site also explore aspects of Sino-American relationships and the role American Imperialism plays on the current Anti-Asian sentiment. I hope this website provides you with new insight on the topic and maybe even teach you a thing or two. That is all, enjoy your visit!

Anti-Asian Hate - Why Now?

The apparent growing hate of Asian Americans in the US seemed to have sprouted suddenly. We’ve seen on the news of “A historic surge,” of Anti-Asian hate. Some reports say that the rise of these hate crimes rose as much as 169% in the year’s first quarter. Crimes and assaults have become so prevalent, social movements have sprung to try and stem the violence. Even the president addressed the nation and condemned the racism and intolerance against Asian-Americans. But we continue to see acts of racism and the number of crimes rise with no sign of stopping.

We must question why Asians are being harassed and targeted now. Why now are we seeing headlines of Anti-Asian hate? Why does it seem like the sudden attacks on Asians appear to come out of nowhere? And what do people have against Asians that make them want to shove and throw folks like me on the ground? It’s tempting to say that the cause of this hate came from the arrival of COVID-19. “Because COVID came from China, people are blaming Asians for the Pandemic and are upset about being stuck inside, and are now taking their anger out on the folks who brought the disease.” While part of this claim holds some truth to the issue, the seeds of this disdain and hatred were ingrained early in American history and are merely sprouting in times of crisis.

The Philadelphia Chinatown Friendship Arch @ 10th and Arch St. Philadelphia Inquirer

Events In China and The First Wave Of Chinese Immigrants

First, we will quickly look at events taking place in Asia, specifically China. In the 1840-50s, the Qing Dynasty was threatened by western powers’ and imperialism. The Frist Opium war saw China defeated by the British. The Second Opium war saw China defeated once more by British and French forces. The results of the wars ended with China being forced into business with Europeans and the loss of Hong Kong to Britain. Around 1850, the Taiping Rebellion sparked a civil war between the Qing Dynasty and the Heavenly Dynasty. The war rebellion ended with a Qing victory and approximately 20-30 million dead. These are only some of the events that were happening within China, creating great unrest within its people. In the hope to leave a life of uncertainty, Chinese folks moved to the Land Of The Free in pursuit of the 1850 Gold Rush and the hope of living a fruitful life in the US.

Chinese laborers on a handcar during construction of the Central Pacific Railroad line between Bakersfield and Los Angeles in 1876. Picture This

American Reception of Chinese Workers

As the Chinese Workers arrived, they were used and exploited as cheap labor by Railroad companies to build some of the first Transcontinental Railroads. At first, the executives/directors of the companies were prejudiced, thinking that the Chinese workers were not able to do the job. These executives only hired Chinese workers when positions weren’t being filled by White workers. The demand for work rose, and Chinese workers filled that demand with cheap labor. This is where the beginning of Asian hate began to brew as white folks feared that the Chinese would take all of the jobs and ruin America’s bastion of “whiteness.”

With the Chinese workers on shift for 6 days a week with dynamite, having little pay to afford food and other basic expenses, enduring abuse, and poor working conditions, many fell ill with disease. Although the workers were sick, they continued to work because they could not afford to skip a day for rest. This is where the early notions of the “disease caring Asians” planted their seeds in American Society. Anti-Asian sentiment continued to grow as White Americans culminated in the physical assaults of Asians in America. The idea of Nativism began to take hold with Americans; the belief of protecting or favoring the interest of the native population of a country over the interests of immigrants. This means that folks believed that the interests of Americans were more important compared to the interests of Non-Americans/Immigrants. This boom in nativism fueled prejudice and hate against the “non-white Americans” including Asians.

Political Cartoon from 1860-1869. "Print shows a one panel, three scene cartoon showing, in the first scene, an Irish man with the head of Uncle Sam in his mouth and a Chinese man with the feet of Uncle Sam in his mouth, in the second scene they consume Uncle Sam, and in the third the Chinese man consumes the Irish man; on the landscape in the distant background are many railroads." Library of Congress

The 1871 Chinese Massacre

The ever-growing prejudice against Asians led to multiple attacks. A prominent yet forgotten event that took place occurred in 1871 Los Angeles, the Chinese Massacre. “…tensions were running high in Chinatown because of a feud between leaders of two rival Huignan (mutual benefit associations) over the kidnapping of a young Chinese woman. A shootout between several Chinese men broke out in the middle of Negro Alley. The ensuing response by two police officers resulted in the wounding of one of the officers and the death of a civilian who assisted the officers, Robert Thompson.”

The death of Robert Thompson caused outrage amongst the populous. Word spread like wildfire, cultivating an angry mob of 500 people. Blinded by rage, the mob attacked any Chinese folks they could find. They dragged them out of buildings and to makeshift gallows. Varying accounts of events make it impossible to know exactly what happened. The results of that day ended with 19 deaths. 17 of the bodies were laid out in a jail yard. The first man who was killed was buried before sunrise. In total, 10% of the Chinese Population in LA was killed. Of the folks killed, it’s thought that only one person, who originally participated in the gunfight was killed. The rest were not involved in any way, innocent Chinese folks were killed through blind hate. The 1871 Chinese Massacre was not the only incident where Asians were prosecuted. There was the Rock Springs Massacre in 1885, where around 28-50 Chinese miners were killed. The Seattle Riots of 1886, resulting in the forced expulsions of +200 Chinese civilians from their homes.

Photograph of the corpses of Chinese Immigrants killed in the massacre. The Chinese American Museum

The Chinese Exclusion Act + More Legislation

The idea of Nativism and hate continued to grow against Asians. American racism climaxed into an idea that reached Congress in the form of the Chinese Exclusion Act along with another piece of legislation in the 1924 Immigration Act. The disdain for Asians was no longer regular bigotry among Americans, but now legal legislation and the law of the land. The Chinese Exclusion Act banned the Chinese from immigrating to the US. It also prevented the few hundred thousand Chinese folks already living in the US from going through the Naturalization process, preventing them from becoming Naturalized Citizens. It is hard to understand the grasp of how racist the Chinese Exclusion Act was. It was effectively and almost literally a declaration of “we only want white people in the US. Them Chinese, no thank you.” The later 1924 Immigration Act expanded this ban of Chinese people to most of Asia. Asians in general were no longer welcomed. The 1924 act was so horrific, it was cited as an inspiration for none other than Adolf Hitler, who would later use it to inform his legislation.

With the Magnuson Act in 1943, it allowed the Chinese to become citizens without the threat of deportation, but it did not repeal the restrictions on immigration from the other Asian countries, only China. It took even longer until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 repealed all of these racist laws. From the beginning of the CEA in 1882 to the repeal of the law with the Magnuson Act in 1924, and the Immigration Act of 1965 that allowed for non-quoted Asians allowed into the US, it took 82 years.

With a brief overview of the history of Anti-Asian sentiment in the US, we understand that America never took too kindly to them. We saw when Asians first immigrated, they were exploited for cheap labor, they were seen as “sickly, evil-eyed, inferior Chinaman”, they were beaten and killed, and they were deemed as “illegal” to be in this Country. So is that the reason why we now are seeing this rise in Anti-Asian hate? While yes, the deep-rooted bigotry in American history does play a role, we need not look any further than the growing “threat” that China has on American Imperialistic ideas. Chinese-American relationships have been shaky at best. While both China and the US have reasons to be distrustful of each other, we will be looking specifically at the US and how the fight for World Superpower is affecting Asian Americans.

Poster announcing the democratic passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act. KPBS

American Imperialism

With a brief overview of the history of Anti-Asian sentiment in the US, we understand that America never took too kindly to them. We saw when Asians first immigrated, they were exploited for cheap labor, they were seen as “sickly, evil-eyed, inferior Chinaman”, they were beaten and killed, and they were deemed as “illegal” to be in this Country. So is that the reason why we now are seeing this rise in Anti-Asian hate? While yes, the deep-rooted bigotry in American history does play a role, we need not look any further than the growing “threat” that China has on American Imperialistic ideas. Chinese-American relationships have been shaky at best. While both China and the US have reasons to be distrustful of each other, we will be looking specifically at the US and how the fight for World Superpower is affecting Asian Americans.

1898 political cartoon: "Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip" meaning the extension of U.S. domination (symbolized by a bald eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The cartoon contrasts this with a map of the smaller United States 100 years earlier in 1798. Wikipedia

No Longer The Sole Global Economic Superpower

The US has always felt threatened by China. China has had tremendous growth from what it used to be. It’s no longer the weak nation riddled with poverty and poached by western powers, but now a 14.7 trillion dollar global manufacturing hub. We saw that early in US history, Americans did not want the “weak and morally repugnant Chinese” to mix and “taint” the American population. The American narrative has not changed, but only adapted itself to continue to paint a target on China. We Americans now worry about how strong and powerful China is as a new Global Economic Power.

The US has lived many years of being the one Global Economic Superpower for many years. The US is such an economically strong nation, it was the go-to place for any growing nation to get loans and form economic alliances with. With that, we Americans got to live a comfortable life compared to other nations. With the rise of China and with them now forming their own economic alliances, the US has its economic throne on top of a house of cards. The new Chinese “Belt and Road Initiative” is creating economic ties with countries like Germany, Russia, Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia. The US had the option of using its economic power to impose sanctions on other countries to further their own American interests. These sanctions would be crippling to these developing nations and force them to accept what the US puts forth, but now these countries have another option to work with China rather than be forced to work with the US.

The US is no longer a sole economic power, it has to compete with China. In a New York Times Article, Kiron Skinner, the head of policy planning at the State Department, said: “This is a fight with a really different civilization and a different ideology, and the United States hasn’t had that before… The Soviet Union and that competition, in a way, it was a fight within the Western family… it’s the first time that we will have a great power competitor that is not Caucasian.” In other words “this time is different, because they are not white.”

Chinese leader Xi Jinping with U.S. President Donald Trump at the 14th G20 in Osaka, June 2019. Flickr

"US-China ‘Cold War’: how bad can it get?" Global Village Space

Pointing Fingers

But instead of seeing the US take the business approach to competition in offering a better service, we are seeing US officials and the media promote Anti-China, fear-mongering propaganda. They promote the same caricatures of “disease-bearing Chinese'' we've heard before using the current COVID-19 pandemic as leverage. News outlets and politicians have called the new Coronavirus “the China Virus'', “the Wuhan Virus,'' or “the Kung-flu”. These more racist terms are used more often with the Republican Party, but there are also Democrats who push the similar anti-Chinese sentiment. They instead of painting a picture of “the sick/infected Chinese”, chose to instead make less racially-charged claims of the “sneaky Chinese hacker threatening our democracy.” We’ve seen these similar claims against other nations who US officials feel threatened by. Claims of “the Russian or Iranian hackers'' keep appearing to paint a picture of the US being the victim of foreign aggression. We see nearly every night on the news some negative segment on China.

News Segment From CBSN calling China "[the] biggest threat to U.S. since WWII"

Geo-Politics and Hypocrisy

We hear claims that “China is an impending military threat,” even though we spend more money on our military than the top 10 nations combined. Plus, China has only waged 1 brief war skirmish with Vietnam in 1979. China for the past 40 years has not gone on the military offensive. However, when we look at the US, we’ve staged coups, invaded, occupied, and destroyed many countries during the same period. The US poses more of a threat to China and the rest of the world. Since this first claim is not enough to stand on to say that China is in the wrong, American Officials need something else to target China with.

So, the US officials tried to stoke outrage on claims of human rights violations in China. We hear of the forced internment/reeducation camps of the Uyghur population of Xinjiang, as well as forced labor, torture, forced sterilization, ethnic cleansing, and genocide. Some folks believe these claims while others don’t. Regardless of if these claims are true, I doubt that American politicians care about human rights. We are currently facing an immigration crisis. Immigrant families are being crammed into holding cells at the border with little to no health/safety precautions during a pandemic, family members are separated from each other, and pieces of evidence has risen to show that the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) has performed forced sterilization on these people. During the Second World War, we forced Japanese Americans into internment camps. US soldiers have committed numerous war crimes by subjecting prisoners to abuse and torture in Abu Ghraib, the early 2000s. And while US officials choose to keep our attention on Xinjiang, right next to it is Afghanistan, a country we’ve bombed into oblivion, labeled its people as “Terrorists,” and have tried to ban them from entering the US.

This is not to argue that what the Chinese are doing to the Uyghur population in Xinjiang is excusable in any way, and I deeply encourage people to speak out against human rights violations. But if the US wants to point fingers, then we must start with its biggest offender in modern history, the US. The US cares about the human rights abuses in Xinjiang not because they care about the Uyghur population, but because it’s a rallying cry to manufacture consent for a war against China and to keep our global foothold. The US is only looking for reasons to go to war and crush China so that America can continue to be the only Global Superpower.

CBS News clip on claims that ICE committed medical abuses like forced sterilization of women.

Al Jazeera segment on accusations of American-committed war crimes. A later segment said that "The International Criminal Court has rejected the US president's plans to impose sanctions on some of its officials. Donald Trump is trying to stop an investigation into allegations of American war crimes in Afghanistan. But the ICC says the move will undermine its efforts to ensure accountability for mass atrocities."

Photograph of a dog handler using the to intimidate a prisoner at Abu Ghraib Prison in Iraq. One of the tamer images that can be shown compared to others. WebArchive - Salon - Abu Ghraib Files *Graphic*

Standing Against Asian Hate - Conclusion

So, with the added context of Asian-American history, the History of American Racism, the dehumanization of outsiders, and the new growing Cold War between the US and China, it’s clear to see why now Asians are being targeted in America. It's American Imperialism that is fueling this prejudice within the American population. The US-made Anti-Japanese propaganda during WWII. They made Anti-Vietnamese propaganda during the Vietnam war. And now, we are seeing Anti-Chinese propaganda during our new Cold War. Each time, the American public fails to distinguish between ethnicities, and each era suffered from general Anti-Asian hate. The US government and corporate media are manufacturing hate to gain the consent of its people to further grip the world through exploitation of foreign nations and war. This hate will spread across the American populist, and fuel the cry for American Imperialism and ultra-nationalism.

This hate is not a personal issue. The problem won’t go away if everyone “stops being racist.” It’s a systematic problem. At the end of the day, #StopAsianHate is not enough of a rallying cry. If you stand against Asain Hate, then you must stand against American Imperialism. If you are against Asian Hate, then you must be against the Global Superpower that needs the consent of its people to engage in war. Fight against Asian hate, and fight against American Imperialism.

#StopAsianHate
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Work Cited

U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act.

China's Economy Is Growing Faster Now than before the Coronavirus Pandemic, www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/chinas-economy-is-growing-faster-now-than-before-the-coronavirus-pandemic/ar-BB1cQxEY.

“Abu Ghraib Torture and Prisoner Abuse.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 15 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse.

“Abuse At Abu Ghraib.” CBS News, CBS Interactive, www.cbsnews.com/news/abuse-at-abu-ghraib/.

“China–United States Relations.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_relations.

“Chinese Exclusion Act.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Exclusion-Act.

Forgotten Los Angeles History: The Chinese Massacre of 1871, www.lapl.org/collections-resources/blogs/lapl/chinese-massacre-1871.

History.com Staff. “Chinese Exclusion Act.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 24 Aug. 2018, www.history.com/topics/immigration/chinese-exclusion-act-1882.

“Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Mar. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965.

Kennedy, Lesley. “Building the Transcontinental Railroad: How 20,000 Chinese Immigrants Made It Happen.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 10 May 2019, www.history.com/news/transcontinental-railroad-chinese-immigrants.

Kennedy, Lesley. “How the Immigration Act of 1965 Changed the Face of America.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 12 Aug. 2019, www.history.com/news/immigration-act-1965-changes.

“Opium Wars.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 14 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars.

Paccone, Peter. “The 1871 Chinese Massacre - The Worst Lynching in U.S. History.” Medium, Medium, 26 Mar. 2021, ppaccone.medium.com/the-1871-chinese-massacre-e40d601a6376.

Ross, Alex, et al. “How American Racism Influenced Hitler.” The New Yorker, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/04/30/how-american-racism-influenced-hitler.

“Second Cold War.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cold_War.

“Taiping Rebellion.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion.

Walsh, Joan. “The Abu Ghraib Files.” Abu Ghraib Files - Salon.com News, web.archive.org/web/20060704025113/salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/introduction/index.html.

Wong, Edward. “U.S. Versus China: A New Era of Great Power Competition, but Without Boundaries.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 26 June 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/world/asia/united-states-china-conflict.html.