Indonesia has played a modest role in the world economy since the mid-20th century. Its importance was not justified by its size, resources and geographic location. The country is a major exporter of crude oil and natural gas. In addition, Indonesia is one of the world's most important suppliers of rubber, coffee, cocoa and palm oil, etc.  Almost all production of goods comes from large estates. Extensive exploration for petroleum and other mineral deposits has spawned many large-scale projects, contributing significantly to general development funding. 

The central bank is responsible for issuing the rupiah.Other major government agencies include the National Savings Bank, banks specializing in rural and industrial development, and large commercial banks with overseas branches. In general, the goal of government credit and tax policies was to set the stage for private stimulus within the framework of fiscal legitimacy. Before the 1980s, Indonesia's capital market was confined to the state-owned banking system. Subsidized credit and interest rates were used in accordance with government priorities, and credit limits were introduced to ensure currency stability. However, credit limits led to excess reserves by state-owned banks, ultimately triggering restructuring and deregulation of the banking system. 

For decades, if not centuries, Indonesia has had a complex and well-developed commercial sector based on the marketing and export of agricultural products and the supply of consumer goods and services for the domestic market. . Historically, the trade has been dominated by Indonesian Chinese, but other populations, particularly those from West Sumatra and South Celebes, have also made notable contributions.