Usage of Keywords

"this" : to refer current class instance variable

The this keyword can be used to refer current class instance variable. If there is ambiguity between the instance variables and parameters, this keyword resolves the problem of ambiguity.

class Student{  

int rollno;  

String name;  

float fee;  

Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){  

this.rollno=rollno; // Refers class instance variable rollno 

this.name=name;  // Refers class instance variable name

this.fee=fee;   // Refers class instance variable fee

}  

void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}  

}  

class TestThis2{  

public static void main(String args[]){  

Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);  

Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit",6000f);  

s1.display();  

s2.display();  

}} 

"this" : to invoke current class method

You may invoke the method of the current class by using the this keyword. If you don't use the this keyword, compiler automatically adds this keyword while invoking the method.

"this" : to invoke current class constructor

The this() constructor call can be used to invoke the current class constructor. It is used to reuse the constructor. In other words, it is used for constructor chaining.

Example

class A{  

A(){System.out.println("hello a");}  

A(int x){  

this();  // Current class constructor is called.

System.out.println(x);  

}  

}  

class TestThis5{  

public static void main(String args[]){  

A a=new A(10);  

}}  

Usage of the "new" keyword

When you are declaring a class in java, you are just creating a new data type. A class provides the blueprint for objects. You can create an object from a class.

Declaration : First, you must declare a variable of the class type. This variable does not define an object.

Instantiation and Initialization : Second, you must acquire an actual, physical copy of the object and assign it to that variable. You can do this using the new operator. The new operator instantiates a class by dynamically allocating(i.e, allocation at run time) memory for a new object and returning a reference to that memory. This reference is then stored in the variable. Thus, in Java, all class objects must be dynamically allocated.

The new operator is also followed by a call to a class constructor, which initializes the new object. A constructor defines what occurs when an object of a class is created. Constructors are an important part of all classes and have many significant attributes.

Example

Let us say that we have a class called Student and we need to instantiate this class. The following syntax does that :

Student anil = new Student();

Usage of "super" keyword

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable which is used to refer immediate parent class object.

Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is created implicitly which is referred by super reference variable.

• super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.
• super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.
• super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

Using "super" to refer parent class instance variable

We can use super keyword to access the data member or field of parent class. It is used if parent class and child class have same fields.

class Animal{  

String color="white";  

}  

class Dog extends Animal{  

String color="black";  

void printColor(){  

System.out.println(color);  //prints color of Dog class  

System.out.println(super.color);  //prints color of Animal class  

}  

}  

class TestSuper1{  

public static void main(String args[]){  

Dog d=new Dog();  

d.printColor();  

}} 

Using "super" to invoke parent class method

The super keyword can also be used to invoke parent class method. It should be used if subclass contains the same method as parent class. In other words, it is used if method is overridden.

class Animal{  

void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}  

}  

class Dog extends Animal{  

void eat(){System.out.println("eating bread...");}  

void bark(){System.out.println("barking...");}  

void work(){  

super.eat();  // Calling the parent class eat() method using super keyword

bark();  

}  

}  

class TestSuper2{  

public static void main(String args[]){  

Dog d=new Dog();  

d.work();  

}}

Using "super" to invoke parent class constructor

The super keyword can also be used to invoke the parent class constructor.

class Animal{  

Animal(){System.out.println("animal is created");}  

}  

class Dog extends Animal{  

Dog(){  

super(); // using super keyword to access the parent class constructor. 

System.out.println("dog is created");  

}  

}  

class TestSuper3{  

public static void main(String args[]){  

Dog d=new Dog();  

}} 

Note : While using "super" keyword to access the parent class constructor, remember that it has to be in the first line within the subclass constructor.

Static Keyword

The static keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java static keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the class than an instance of the class.

The static can be:

• Variable (also known as a class variable)
• Method (also known as a class method)
• Block
• Nested class

Static variable

If you declare any variable as static, it is known as a static variable.

• The static variable can be used to refer to the common property of all objects (which is not unique for each object), for example, the company name of employees, college name of students, etc.
• The static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading.

Advantages

• It makes your program memory efficient (i.e., it saves memory).

Example

//Java Program to demonstrate the use of static variable  

class Student{  

   int rollno;//instance variable  

   String name;  

   static String college ="ITS"; //static variable  

   //constructor  

   Student(int r, String n){  

   rollno = r;  

   name = n;  

   }  

   //method to display the values  

   void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}  

}  

//Test class to show the values of objects  

public class TestStaticVariable1{  

 public static void main(String args[]){  

 Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");  

 Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");  

 //we can change the college of all objects by the single line of code  

 //Student.college="BBDIT";  

 s1.display();  

 s2.display();  

 }  

}  

Example

Final Variable :

class Bike9{  

 final int speedlimit=90;//final variable  

 void run(){  

  speedlimit=400;  // Compile Time Error (Cant change final variable value)

 }  

 public static void main(String args[]){  

 Bike9 obj=new  Bike9();  

 obj.run();  

 }  

}//end of class 

Final Method :

class Bike{  

  final void run(){System.out.println("running");}  

}  

class Honda extends Bike{  

   void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}  // Compile Time Error (Cant override final method)

   public static void main(String args[]){  

   Honda honda= new Honda();  

   honda.run();  

   }  

} 

Final Class :

final class Bike{}  

class Honda1 extends Bike{  // Compile Time Error (Cant extend final class)

  void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}  

  public static void main(String args[]){  

  Honda1 honda= new Honda1();  

  honda.run();  

  }  

}