All the resources on this page come from the GADOE Framework 1st Grade Unit 4 Overview. Reviewing this information before or during planning can help ensure your instruction is aligned with the standards and is at the depth expected.

Unit 5 Overview

In this unit, students will:

• understand the order of the counting numbers and their relative magnitudes

• use a number line and 99 chart to build understanding of numbers and their relation to other numbers

• unitize a group of ten ones as a whole unit: a ten, and understand that a group of ten pennies is equivalent to a dime.

• compose and decompose numbers from 11 to 19 into ten ones and some further ones

• think of whole numbers between 10 and 100 in terms of tens and ones

• explore the idea that decade numbers (e.g., 10, 20, 30, 40) are groups of tens with no left over ones

• compare two numbers by examining the amount of tens and ones in each number using words, models and symbols greater than (>), less than (<) and equal to (=)

• create concrete models, drawings and place value strategies to add and subtract within 100 (Students should not be exposed to the standard algorithm of carrying or borrowing in first grade.)

• use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract

• mentally add ten more and ten less than any number less than 100

• use concrete models, drawings and place value strategies to subtract multiples of 10 from decade numbers (e.g., 30, 40, 50)

• work with categorical data by organizing, representing and interpreting data using charts and tables

• pose questions with 3 possible responses and then work with the data collected

As students in first grade begin to count larger amounts, they should group concrete materials into tens and ones to keep track of what they have counted. This is an introduction to the concept of place value. Vocabulary such as digit, place, and value should be integrated while students are mastering the concept of place value. Students must learn that digits represent different values depending on their position in numbers.

Although the units in this instructional framework emphasize key standards and big ideas at specific times of the year, routine topics such as counting, time, money, positional words, patterns, and tallying should be addressed on an ongoing basis through the use of calendar centers and games. The units should establish these routines, allowing students to gradually understand the concept of number sense.

For more detailed information about unpacking of and clarification of the content standards, unpacking a task, math routines and rituals, maintenance activities and more, please refer to the Grade Level Overview.

STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL PRACTICE

The Standards for Mathematical Practice describe varieties of expertise that mathematics educators at all levels should seek to develop in their students. These practices rest on important “processes and proficiencies” with longstanding importance in mathematics education. Students are expected to:

1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

4. Model with mathematics.

5. Use appropriate tools strategically.

6. Attend to precision.

7. Look for and make use of structure.

8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

***Mathematical Practices 1 and 6 should be evident in EVERY lesson***

STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL CONTENT

Understand place value.
MGSE1.NBT.2 Understand that the two digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones. Understand the following as special cases:

a. 10 can be thought of as a bundle of ten ones – called a “ten.”

b. The numbers from 11 to 19 are composed of a ten and one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine ones.

c. The numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 refer to one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine tens (and 0 ones).

MGSE1.NBT.3 Compare two two-digit numbers based on meanings of the tens and ones digits, recording the results of comparisons with the symbols >, =, and <.

Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract.
MGSE1.NBT.4 Add within 100, including adding a two-digit number and a one-digit number and adding a two-digit number and a multiple of ten (e.g., 24 + 9, 13 + 10, 27 + 40), using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or relationship between addition and subtraction; relate the strategy to a written method and explain the reasoning used.

MGSE1.NBT.5 Given a two-digit number, mentally find 10 more or 10 less than the number, without having to count; explain the reasoning used.

MGSE1.NBT.6 Subtract multiples of 10 in the range 10-90 from multiples of 10 in the range of 10-90 (positive or zero differences), using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of operations and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction; relate the strategy to a written method and explain the reasoning used. (e.g.,70 – 30, 30 – 10, 60 – 60)

MGSE1.NBT.7 Identify dimes, and understand ten pennies can be thought of as a dime. (Use dimes as manipulatives in multiple mathematical contexts.)

Represent and interpret data.
MGSE1.MD4 Organize, represent, and interpret data with up to three categories; ask and answer questions about the total number of data points, how many in each category, and how many more or less are in one category than in another.

BIG IDEAS

• Quantities up to 120 may be compared, counted, and represented in multiple ways, including grouping, pictures, words, number line locations, and symbols.

• Collections can be separated into equal groups of ten objects and can be counted by 10’s.

• Numbers larger than 10 can be represented in terms of tens and ones.

• The order of numbers may be represented with a list, a number line, and a 99 chart.

• Two numbers may be compared by examining the amount of tens and ones in each number using words, models and symbols greater than (>), less than (<) and equal to (=).

• Knowing and using number benchmarks can help make sense of numbers, estimating, and simplify computations.

• Concrete models, drawings, and place value strategies can be used to add and subtract within 100.

• Important information can be found in representations of data such as tallies, tables, and charts. • Tables and charts can help make solving problems easier.

• Questions can be solved by collecting and interpreting data ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

• What is the largest digit we can use when representing amounts?

• How do represent a collection larger than 9?

• How does using 10 as a benchmark help us compose numbers?

• How do we represent a collection of objects using tens and ones?

• How can making equal groups of ten objects deepen my understanding of the base 10 number system?

• How can large quantities be counted efficiently?

• How can words be used to illustrate the comparison of numbers?

• How can benchmark numbers build our understanding of numbers?

• How can I represent addition and subtraction?

• What are some strategies that help me count efficiently?

• How can different combinations of numbers and operations be used to represent the same quantity?

• How are the operations of addition and subtraction alike and different?

• What strategies can we use to locate numbers on a 99 chart?

• How can number benchmarks build our understanding of numbers?

• What is an efficient way to count pennies and dimes?

CONCEPTS/SKILLS TO MAINTAIN

• Count to 120 starting with any number less than 120

• Count to 100 by ones and by tens

• Count forward from a given number other than one

• Represent a number of objects with a written numeral

• Compare two sets of objects using greater than, less than, or equal to

• Compose and decompose numbers from 11 to 19 into ten ones

• Record each composition or decomposition by a drawing or equation

• Use benchmark numbers in counting, adding and subtracting

• Represent addition and subtraction with objects or an equation

• Solve addition and subtraction word problems

Fluency: Procedural fluency is defined as skill in carrying out procedures flexibly, accurately, efficiently, and appropriately. Fluent problem solving does not necessarily mean solving problems within a certain time limit, though there are reasonable limits on how long computation should take. Fluency is based on a deep understanding of quantity and number.

Deep Understanding: Teachers teach more than simply “how to get the answer” and instead support students’ ability to access concepts from a number of perspectives. Therefore, students are able to see math as more than a set of mnemonics or discrete procedures. Students demonstrate deep conceptual understanding of foundational mathematics concepts by applying them to new situations, as well as writing and speaking about their understanding.

Memorization: The rapid recall of arithmetic facts or mathematical procedures. Memorization is often confused with fluency and automaticity. Fluency implies a much richer kind of mathematical knowledge and experience.

Number Sense: Students consider the context of a problem, look at the numbers in a problem, make a decision about which strategy would be most efficient in each particular problem. Number sense is not a deep understanding of a single strategy, but rather the ability to think flexibly between a variety of strategies in context.

Fluent students:

● flexibly use a combination of deep understanding, number sense, and memorization.

● are fluent in the necessary baseline functions in mathematics so that they are able to spend their thinking and processing time unpacking problems and making meaning from them.

● are able to articulate their reasoning.

● find solutions through a number of different paths.

For more about fluency, see: http://www.youcubed.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/FluencyWithoutFear-2015.pdf and: https://bhi61nm2cr3mkdgk1dtaov18-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/nctm-timedtests.pdf

STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING (Ohio DOE)

Understand Place Value

Instructional Strategies

Provide multiple and varied experiences that will help students develop a strong sense of numbers based on comprehension – not rules and procedures. Number sense is a blend of comprehension of numbers and operations and fluency with numbers and operations. Students gain computational fluency (using efficient and accurate methods for computing) as they come to understand the role and meaning of arithmetic operations in number systems. Students should solve problems using concrete models and drawings to support and record their solutions. It is important for them to share the reasoning that supports their solution strategies with their classmates. Students will usually move to using base-ten concepts, properties of operations, and the relationship between addition and subtraction to invent mental and written strategies for addition and subtraction. Help students share, explore, and record their invented strategies. Recording the expressions and equations in the strategies horizontally encourages students to think about the numbers and the quantities they represent. Encourage students to try the mental and written strategies created by their classmates.

Students eventually need to choose efficient strategies to use to find accurate solutions. Students should use and connect different representations when they solve a problem. They should start by building a concrete model to represent a problem. This will help them form a mental picture of the model. Now students move to using pictures and drawings to represent and solve the problem. If students skip the first step, building the concrete model, they might use finger counting to solve the problem. Finger counting is an inefficient strategy for adding within 100 and subtracting within multiples of 10 between 10 and 90. Have students connect a 0-99 chart or a 1-100 chart to their invented strategy for finding 10 more and 10 less than a given number. Ask them to record their strategy and explain their reasoning.

Students will learn and develop essential skills for making tens (composing) and breaking a number into tens and ones (decomposing). Composing numbers by tens is foundational for representing numbers with numerals by writing the number of tens and the number of leftover ones. Decomposing numbers by tens builds number sense and the awareness that the order of the digits is important. Composing and decomposing numbers involves number relationships and promotes flexibility with mental computation.

The beginning concepts of place value are developed in Grade 1 with the understanding of ones and tens. The major concept is that putting ten ones together makes a ten and that there is a way to write that down so the same number is always understood. Students move from counting by ones, to creating groups and ones, to tens and ones. It is essential at this grade for students to see and use multiple representations of making tens using base-ten blocks, bundles of tens and ones, and ten-frames. Making the connections among the representations, the numerals and the words are very important. Students need to connect these different representations for the numbers 0 to 99. Students need to move through a progression of representations to learn a concept. They start with a concrete model, move to a pictorial or representational model, then an abstract model. For example, ask students to place a handful of small objects in one region and a handful in another region. Next, have them draw a picture of the objects in each region. They can draw a likeness of the objects or use a symbol for the objects in their drawing. Then they count the physical objects or the objects in their drawings in each region and use numerals to represent the two counts. They also say and write the number word. Now students can compare the two numbers using an inequality symbol or an equal sign.

Represent and interpret data.

Instructional Strategies

Students can create real or cluster graphs after they have had multiple experiences with sorting objects according to given categories. The teacher should model a cluster graph several times before students make their own. A cluster graph in Grade 1 has two or three labeled loops or regions (categories). Students are building the foundation for Venn diagram understandings in later grades. Students place items inside the regions that represent a category that they chose. Items that do not fit in a category are placed outside of the loops or regions. Students can place items in a region that overlaps the categories if they see a connection between categories. Ask questions that compare the number of items in each category and the total number of items inside and outside of the regions.

Ask students to sort a collection of items in up to three categories. Then ask questions about the number of items in each category and the total number of items. Also ask students to compare the number of items in each category. The total number of items to be sorted should be less than or equal to 100 to allow for sums and differences less than or equal to 100 using the numbers 0 to 100.

Connect to the geometry content studied in Grade 1. Provide categories and have students sort identical collections of different geometric shapes. After the shapes have been sorted, ask these questions: How many triangles are in the collection? How many rectangles are there? How many triangles and rectangles are there? Which category has the most items? How many more? Which category has the least? How many less?

SELECTED TERMS AND SYMBOLS

The following terms and symbols are often misunderstood. These concepts are not an inclusive list and should not be taught in isolation. However, due to evidence of frequent difficulty and misunderstanding associated with these concepts, instructors should pay particular attention to them and how their students are able to explain and apply them. The terms below are for teacher reference only and are not to be memorized by the students. Teachers should present these concepts to students with models and real life examples. Students should understand the concepts involved and be able to recognize and/or demonstrate them with words, models, pictures, or numbers. • addition • benchmark • chart • compare • compose • counting on • data • decompose • equal to • less than • more than • number line • place value –tens and ones • representation • subtraction • table • tally mark • ten frame http://www.corestandards.org/Math/Content/mathematics-glossary/glossary

COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS

Often when students learn to use an aide (Pac Man, bird, alligator, etc.) for knowing which comparison sign (<, >, = ) to use, the students don’t associate the real meaning and name with the sign. The use of the learning aids must be accompanied by the connection to the names: < less than, > greater than, and = equal to. More importantly, students need to begin to develop the understanding of what it means for one number to be greater than another. In Grade 1, it means that this number has more tens, or the same number of tens, but with more ones, making it greater. Additionally, the symbols are shortcuts for writing down this relationship. Finally, students need to begin to understand that both inequality symbols (<, >) can create true statements about any two numbers where one is greater/smaller than the other, (15 < 28 and 28 >15).

FALS

The linked Formative Assessment lesson is designed to be part of an instructional unit. This assessment should be implemented approximately two-thirds of the way through this instructional unit and is noted in the unit task table. This assessment can be used at the beginning of the unit to ascertain student needs. The results of this task should give you pertinent information regarding your students learning and help to drive your instruction for the remainder of the unit.

NUMBER TALKS

In order to be mathematically proficient, today’s students must be able to compute accurately, efficiently, and flexibly. Daily classroom number talks provide a powerful avenue for developing “efficient, flexible, and accurate computation strategies that build upon the key foundational ideas of mathematics.” (Parrish, 2010) Number talks involve classroom conversations and discussions centered upon purposefully planned computation problems.

In Sherry Parrish’s book, Number Talks: Helping Children Build Mental Math and Computation Strategies, teachers will find a wealth of information about Number Talks, including:

• Key components of Number Talks

• Establishing procedures

• Setting expectations

• Designing purposeful Number Talks

• Developing specific strategies through Number Talks

There are four overarching goals upon which K-2 teachers should focus during Number Talks. These goals are:

1. Developing number sense

2. Developing fluency with small numbers

3. Subitizing

4. Making Tens

Suggested Number Talks for Unit 5 are addition: making landmark or friendly numbers; breaking each number into its place value; compensation; and adding up chunks are suggested. Also, Number Talks for subtraction including; adding up; removal; counting back; and place value are suggested. Specifics on these Number Talks can be found on pages 118-217 of Number Talks: Helping Children Build Mental Math and Computation Strategies.

WRITING IN MATH

The Standards for Mathematical Practice, which are integrated throughout effective mathematics content instruction, require students to explain their thinking when making sense of a problem (SMP 1). Additionally, students are required to construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others (SMP 2). Therefore, the ability to express their thinking and record their strategies in written form is critical for today’s learners. According to Marilyn Burns, “Writing in math class supports learning because it requires students to organize, clarify, and reflect on their ideas--all useful processes for making sense of mathematics. In addition, when students write, their papers provide a window into their understandings, their misconceptions, and their feelings about the content.” (Writing in Math. Educational Leadership. Oct. 2004 (30).) The use of math journals is an effective means for integrating writing into the math curriculum.

Math journals can be used for a variety of purposes. Recording problem solving strategies and solutions, reflecting upon learning, and explaining and justifying thinking are all uses for math journals. Additionally, math journals can provide a chronological record of student math thinking throughout the year, as well as a means for assessment than can inform future instruction.

The following website provides a wealth of information and grade specific activities for math journaling: http://www.k-5mathteachingresources.com/math-journals.html. Though this is not a free site, there are some free resources that are accessible.