grammar notes: 

Subject: tells the "who" in the sentence. 

Predicate: Tells " what" they are doing  

ex. 

The dog jumped over the fence.

Subject: The dog 

Predicate: jumped over the fence.

Action Verb: tells what someone or something does

 Ex. 

Evan opens his umbrella. 

The wind blows. 

He and his sister go back inside.

Statement: sentence that is telling something
ends with a period (.)
Question: sentence that asks something
Ends with a question mark (?)

ex.
Statement: The plane takes off soon.
Question: When does the plane take off?

Kinds of Sentences:
Declarative Sentence: makes a statement. (.)
Interrogative sentence: asks a questions (?)
Imperative sentence: gives a command (.)
Exclamatory sentence: shows strong feelings. (!)

add -es to nouns ending in s ch sh or x

ex 

singular- class coach bush box

pluar- classes coaches bushes boxes

nouns ending in y

y---> i + es
ex 

Singular : fly puppy

plural: flies puppies 

Common Nouns- words that name any person, place or thing.
ex. A president is the leader of a government.

Proper Nouns- word that names a certain person, place or thing. It may be one or more words

Proper Nouns- begin with a Capital letter- 

Common Nouns do not.

ex.  George Washington was the first president of the United States.

Common Nouns- Store, girl, state

Proper Nouns- Target, Gabby, Pennsylvania 

Idiom:  a phrase that means something different from it's everyday meaning.
ex.
A cold day in July.
Simile: Compares two different things using like or as.
Ex.
He was as quiet as a mouse.

forming possessive Nouns:
's---- when a noun shows ownership.
s'--- when the noun names more than one and ends in s. 

ex.
The singer's voice was loud. ( 1 singer)

The singers' voices were loud. (more than 1)

 
Possessive nouns: show that a person animal or thing owns or has something. 

add----- 's ---- to the noun to show ownership.

ex.
The child's blanket is soft.
Don't sit on the tree's branches. 

I found Pete's jacket. 

IF it already ends in "s" just and '

Ex. The players uniforms are new.
The players' uniforms are new. 

The teachers' room is down the hall.

Abbreviations:

abbreviations- shorter form of a longer word.
Abbreviations for proper nouns begin with a capital letter.

Places:
I live on Elm Street.-- I live on Elm St.

Abbreviations for days of the week:
Monday- Mon.
Tuesday- Tues.
Wednesday- Wed.
Thursday- Thurs.
Friday- Fri.
Saturday- Sat.
Sunday- Sun.

Abbrerviations for months:
January- Jan.
february- Feb.
March- Mar.
April- Apr.
May- May
June-June
July-July
August-Aug.
Spetemeber- Sept.
October- Oct.
November- Nov.
Decemeber- Dec.

A Title for people:
a title begins with a capital letter and usually ends with a period.
Ex.
Mrs.  LaSalle is a baker.
Dr. Jenkins works with children.

Commas:

Dates:  tell the month, the number of the day, and the year. Use commas (,) between the day and the year.

Ex. Evie was born December 30,2012.

Place Names:  Use commas (,) between the name of the city or town and the name of the state.

Ex.  Miles flew to Austin, Texas.

Parts of a letter:  Use a comma (,) after the greeting and the closing of the letter.

Ex. 

Dear Jerome, (greeting)

How are you today? I hope you are enjoying your trip!

Sincerely,
Tom (closing)
 

Synonyms= Same
Antonyms= Opposites

Simple Sentences: Tells a complete thought and has two parts. 

1 subject

 1 predicate. 

Ex. My cat plays with a ball of yarn. Subject: My Cat
Predicate: Plays with a ball of yarn 

Fragment- a group of words that does not tell a complete thought. 

ex. Threw the ball. 

Every sentences begins with a capital letter.

Command- a sentence that tells someone to do something.
ex.
put on your hat. Put on your sunscreen.
Ends with a period (.)

Exclamation- a sentence that shows a strong feeling.
ex.
Get out of the water! I see a shark!
end with an exclamation mark (!)

Noun: Person, Place, thing or animal
Singular noun: means "one" person, place or thing.
plural Noun:  means "more than one" person, place or thing. 

Add -s to make most nouns plural

ex.
singular- team base helmet

plural- teams bases helmets

Irregular plural Nouns: 

do not end in s or es 

change the spelling to form the plural

ex. 

Leaf--> leaves

child --> children
person--> People

Some do not change at all
ex.
shrimp--> Shrimp

Deer --> deer

sheep--> sheep

Open and closed Syllables:
open Syllables- end in a vowel
closed Syllables- end in a constant

Open Syllables
ex.
Me, Baby (Ba-By), music (Mu-sic)

Closed Syllables
Ex. 

Cat, Dish, Contest (Con-Test)

verbs: action

Past-tense verbs- ed:

ex. 

yesterday we visted the farm. 
    the ducks quacked loudly. 

FUTURE- tense verbs:
using will:
The birds will build their nest.
Present- tense. verbs:
Happening now.
The elephants move their trunks.
Eagles flap their wings.

Text Features:
Heading: tells what part of a text is about.
Fact box: a feature that tells special information about a topic.
Caption: words or sentences about a picture.

Quotation Marks:
When you write, you show what someone says by putting ""
Ex.
Julia said, " I am a painter."
Miguel said, " I am a dancer."

RUles of Quotation Marks
1. Decide where the comma goes.
2. begin the first word inside of the quotation marks with a capital letter.
3. Put the end mark inside of the quotation marks.

Ex.
Becca asked, " Can you hear the wind?"

Subject-Verb agreement:
Singular subjects use a verb that ends in -s 

Ex.
The student sits in the classroom.

Plural subjects -uses a verb without the s.
ex.
The students sit in the classroom.

The Verb Be takes different forms.
Using Am, Is, Are

Am, is, and are tell about something happening now.
Must agree with the subject.

Am---- I
ex.
I am excited for the game.

Is---- singular subject
Ex.
the race is starting soon.

Are---- Plural subject
ex.
The runners are on the track.

Was and were:
is used to tell something that happened in the past.
Was--- Singular subject
ex.
The Train was late. 

Were--- Plural subject
ex.
The passengers were annoyed.