alphabetic knowledge - Knowing the names and shapes of the letters of the alphabet
alphabetic principle- The understanding that written letters represent sounds, for example, the word big has three sounds and three letters
big books- Oversized books that allow for the sharing of print and illustrations with a group of children
blending- Putting together individual sounds to make spoken words
comprehension-The ability to understand and gain meaning from what has been read
decodable books- Books that are made up of words that contain only the letter-sound relationships that the children are learning, along with a few words that are taught as sight words
decode- The ability to recognize and read words by translating the letters into speech sounds to determine the word's pronunciation and meaning
developmental spelling-The use of letter-sound relationship information to attempt to write words
emergent literacy-The view that literacy learning begins at birth and is encouraged through participation with adults in meaningful reading and writing activities
environmental print- Print that is part of everyday life, such as signs, billboards, labels, and business logos
experimental writing- Efforts by young children to experiment with writing by creating pretend and real letters and by organizing scribbles and marks on paper
explicit instruction- Direct, structured, systematic teaching of a task
fluency- The ability to read text accurately and quickly with expression
graphic organizers- Diagrams that visually represent the organization and relationships of ideas in a text
informational text - Text that conveys information - this may include books, magazines, websites, directions, etc.
invented spelling- The use of letter-sound relationship information to attempt to write words
irregular words- Frequently used words that don't follow the letter-sound relationship rules that children are learning
leveled books- Books that have been assigned a particular level (usually a number or letter, such as Level 1 or Level B) intended to indicate how difficult the book is for children to read
literacy- Includes all the activities involved in speaking, listening, reading, writing, and appreciating both spoken and written language
phonemes- The smallest parts of spoken language that combine to form words - For example, the word hit is made up of three phonemes (/h/ /i/ /t/) and differs by one phoneme from the words pit, hip, hot.
phonemic awareness- The ability to hear and identify the individual sounds in spoken words
phonics- The relationship between the sounds of spoken words and the individual letters or groups of letters that represent those sounds in written words
phonological awareness- The understanding that spoken language is made up of individual and separate sounds - Phonological awareness activities can involve work with rhymes, words, sentences, syllables, and phonemes.
predictable books- Books that have repeated words or sentences, rhymes, or other patterns
prefix- A word part such as re-, un-, pre- that is added to the beginning of a root word to form a new word with a new meaning
pretend reading- Children's attempts to "read" a book before they have learned to read - Usually children pretend read a familiar book that they have practically memorized.
print awareness- Knowing about print and books and how they are used
root word- A word or word part to which a prefix or suffix is added
segmentation- Taking spoken words apart sound by sound
sight words- Words that a reader recognizes without having to sound them out - Some sight words are "irregular," or have letter-sound relationships that are uncommon. Some examples of sight words are you, are, have, and said.
suffix- A word part such as -ness, -able, or -er that is added to the end of a root word to form a new word with a new meaning
syllable- A word part that contains a vowel or, in spoken language, a vowel sound (e-vent, news-pa-per, pret-ty)
vocabulary- The words we must know in order to communicate effectively - Oral vocabulary refers to words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening. Reading vocabulary refers to words we recognize or use in print.
word walls- Word-study and vocabulary words that are posted on the classroom wall so all children can easily see them - Usually, word walls are arranged alphabetically, with words starting with a certain letter listed under that letter for easy location.
word recognition- The ability to identify printed words and to translate them into their corresponding sounds quickly and accurately so as to figure out their meanings
Source: National Institute for Literacy's A Child Becomes a Reader (http://lincs.ed.gov/publications/pdf/reading_pre.pdf)