C++ allows for low-level memory manipulation and is often chosen for performance-critical applications. It's widely used in system programming, game development, and high-performance computing. 

Java is an object-oriented language, which promotes good coding practices and design patterns, making it easier to manage and scale large codebases. 

JavaScript is a programming language that enables interactive and dynamic features on websites. It runs in web browsers and allows developers to add functionality like interactive forms, animations, and dynamic content to web pages. 

C programming involves writing instructions (code) to tell a computer what to do. It's used to develop a wide range of software applications, from operating systems and system software to games and mobile apps.