Glossary & Bibliography

ala - an open room to the side of the atrium

amphora - an oblong container with large handles at the neck; filled with dry or liquid good for storage and packed together in storage rooms

aristocratic - a member of a small group of wealthy, privileged, upper-class people, usually with significant political power.

atrium - the central room of the Roman domus; the impluvium was built into its floor to and the compluvium was built as a hole in the roof above it.

binary - a system with two parts, often opposing in nature

client - a man who served as the subordinate in a financial and social relationship with a patron, a wealthier and more socially prestigious man; the client gave the patron political support, arms, and clout

colonnade - a row of columns

compluvium - the opening or skylight in the centre of the atrium's roof in a Roman house directly above the impluvium, through which rainwater falls and is collected in the impluvium

cubiculum - a multipurpose room in the Roman house, used for sex, sleep, private meetings, storage, and displaying art

culina - the kitchen of the Roman house

dichotomy - a contrast between two polar opposites

fauces - literally "throat;" a narrow passageway, often one that led from the ostium to the atrium or from the atrium to the peristyle

freedman - a formerly enslaved man who has, through various means, acheived freedom; in Pompeii, could be extremely wealthy through trade and industry.

genius - the deified head of the household or paterfamilias, depicted alongside the lares

graffito - a graffito is an image or piece of text placed on a public surface or privately-owned, usually without permission

hierarchical scale - in art, when one thing or figure is depicted unusually large in compared to another, so that the smallest thing seems less important and the largest the most

impluvium - the basin set into the floor of atrium to collect rainwater let into the Roman house through the compluvium

insula - a city block; Pompeii's houses are assigned numbers based on their region, a large chunk of the city numbered 1-8, their insula or block within that region, and their doorway number within that insula (e.g. the House of Menander is I.10.4, region 1, insula 10, doorway 4)

lararium - a shrine, often a small alcove in the wall, dedicated to the lares or household spirits; offerings of wine would be placed in the alcove along with statues of the lares

manumission - the freeing of an enslaved individual from servitude by their holders

mosaic - a work of art made out of tiny tiles of glass and stone, called tesserae, which are placed to create a larger image

multifariousness - the degree to which something is made up of varied pieces and diverse aspects

ostium - the opening or doorway into a Roman home

paterfamilias - the male head of the household

peristyle - a row of columns framing a room in a building; the peristyle garden in the Roman house would have been a place for leisure and pleasure, with statues, greenery, and sometimes even exotic animals

plebeian - a member of the lower social class; plebeians made up the majority of the general population in the Roman world.

portico - a porch supported and/or enclosed by columns or walls

tablinum - the study and meeting space for the male head of the household, where he would have met his clients daily

triclinium - the dining room in a Roman house, furnished with low couches and a central table

vestibule - the entryway of a Roman house

Vitruvius - 1st century B.C.E. architect, engineer, and writer, known for the ten volumes of his architectural treatise, De architectura.

Allison, Penelope M. "6," "21." In The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii : Volume III: the Finds, a Contextual Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, (2007).

Bowes, Kimberly Diane. “Rural Poverty in the Roman Empire.” (2011).

Cartwright, Mark. “Slavery in the Roman World.” World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, May 30, 2022. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/629/slavery-in-the-roman-world/.

Franker-Shuh, Ashley. "Evidence of the Erotic in the House of the Vettii." Master's thesis, The University of Western Ontario, 2022.

Gee, Regina. "The Period Styles and Period-Style Restorations." In Clarke, John R., and Nayla K Muntasser. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") At Torre Annunziata, Italy. Volume 2. The Decorations: Painting, Stucco, Pavements, Sculptures. (New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 2019): 13-49. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.90048. EPUB.

George, Michele. "Servus and domus: the slave in the Roman house," in R. Laurence and A. Wallace-Hadrill (edd.), Domestic space in the Roman world: Pompeii and beyond, (Portsmith, RI: JRA, 1996): 15-24.

Joshel, Sandra R. “Chapter 11. Slavery and Roman Literary Culture.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, edited by Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge, 1:214–40. The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.013.

Joshel, Sandra R., and Lauren Hackworth Petersen. “Slaves in the House,” Chapter 2 and “Slaves in the Workshop,” Chapter 4. In The Material Life of Roman Slaves, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014): 24–86. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139030922.003.

Joshel, Sandra R., and Lauren Hackworth Petersen. “Seeing Slaves at Villa A.” In Clarke, John R., and Nayla K Muntasser. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") At Torre Annunziata, Italy. Volume 2. The Decorations: Painting, Stucco, Pavements, Sculptures. (New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 2019): 337-384. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.90048. EPUB.

Longenecker, Bruce. “Slave and Free: Ideal Ideologies in Vesuvian Villas and in Galatians 3:28.” In Mikeal C. Parsons and Walsh (eds.), A Temple not Made with Hands: Essays in Honor of Naymond H. Keathley (Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2018): 85-102.

Osetta, Camilla. "The Roman triclinium : an overview on the texts and archaeological evidence." PhD diss., University of Leicester School of Archaeology and Ancient History.

Petersen, Lauren Hackworth. "Questioning Roman freedman art: ancient and modern constructions." PhD diss., University of Texas Austin, 2000.

Rauws, Jacobus Evert. “Zebra Stripes: Minimal Art as ‘Fifth Style’ Wall Painting in Roman Campania.” Rivista Di Studi Pompeiani 26–27 (2015): 53–60. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26203009.

"THE ROOM OF THE SLAVES – THE LATEST DISCOVERY AT CIVITA GIULIANA." Pompeii Sites. November 06, 2021. http://pompeiisites.org/en/comunicati/the-room-of-the-slaves-the-latest-discovery-at-civita-giuliana/.

Severy-Hoven, Beth. "Master Narratives and the Wall Painting of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii." Gender & History 24, issue 3, (2013): 20-60. 10.1002/9781118508206.ch1.

Trimble, Jennifer. "CHAPTER 10 Women, Art, Power, and Work in the House of the Chaste Lovers at Pompeii" In Women's Lives, Women's Voices: Roman Material Culture and Female Agency in the Bay of Naples edited by Brenda Longfellow and Molly Swetnam-Burland, 199-216. New York, USA: University of Texas Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.7560/765610-012

Vitruvius. "Book VI." In De Architectura, 1st century B.C, trans. University of Chicago. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/6*.html.

von Stackelberg, Katharine T. “The Life of the Kitchen Gods: Lares and Lararia in Pompeii - FEDERICA GIACOBELLO, LARARI POMPEIANI: ICONOGRAFIA E CULTO DEI LARI IN AMBITO DOMESTICO (II Filarete, Pubblicazioni Della Facoltà Di Lettere e Filosofía Dell’Università Degli Studi Di Milano; Lettere Economía Diritto, Milano2008). Pp. 294, Many Figs., 20 in Color. ISBN 978-88-7916-374-3. EUR. 28.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 24 (2011): 613–14. doi:10.1017/S104775940000372X.