Indigenous knowledge is an extensive and valuable knowledge system that is adaptable, a dynamic system based on skills, abilities, and problem-solving techniques that change over time depending on environmental conditions (Battiste, 2005). Indigenous knowledge refers to the cumulative and complex bodies of knowledge, know-how, practices and representations that are maintained and developed by local communities, who have histories of interaction with the natural environment (UNESCO, 2012).

Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people in the Philippines are:

• predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals' behavior and celestial bodies

• medicine

• medical practices

• preserving foods

• indigenous beliefs

• using indigenous technology in daily lives

• indigenous Science

• indigenous farming practices

• folk astronomy

• connection of indigenous knowledge advances modern science and technology

– for wound cleansing and as an antiseptic mouthwash.

Hilot is a traditional healing practice that involves massage and manipulation of the body to restore balance and treat conditions such as:

• muscle pain,
  
  

• sprains,
  
  

• fever,
  
  

• fatigue, and
  
  

• internal displacements of the body (e.g., “pilay” or sprains).
  
  

Hilot is also spiritual in nature and is sometimes performed by a manghihilot, who may also chant prayers or use oils and herbs during the session.

• In many remote communities, traditional birth attendants, called hilot or komadrona, assist in childbirth using herbal remedies and massage techniques. They provide prenatal and postnatal care based on traditional methods passed down through generations. 

• Drying is one of the oldest and most practical food preservation methods used by indigenous groups in the Philippines. It involves reducing the moisture content of food by exposing it to sunlight, wind, or smoke, making it resistant to spoilage and ideal for long storage. 

• A traditional smoked and sun-dried pork from the Ifugao and Mountain Province inf the Cordillera region. Often made during feasts or ritual killings, the meat is salted, sun-dried or smoked, then stored for months. It is considered sacred and used in dishes like pinikpikan. 

• Smoking is used not only to cook but to preserve food, especially meat and fish. The food is hung over a smoke fire, which dries and sterilizes it, adding a distinctive flavor. 

• Smoked fish, widely known in Luzon but also used by upland tribes like the Kalinga and Tingguian. 

• Salt is an essential indigenous preservative. When combined with fermentation, it creates a rich and flavorful way of preserving food. 

• Fermented rice wine, prepared by the Ifugao and other Cordilleran groups for rituals and celebrations. 

• Fermented fish or shrimp paste (used by the Ilocano, Tagalog, and Visayan groups). 

• A traditional dance ritual of the Igorots performed during canaos to honor spirits and ancestors, often accompanied by gangsa (gong music). 

• Illnesses are believed to be caused by offended spirits; the healer (usually an elder) offers rice, chicken, or local plants to appease them.
  
  

• Food, animals, or prayers given to spirits.
  
  

• Indigenous technology refers to the traditional knowledge and tools developed by local communities to adapt to their environment and meet their daily needs. Rooted in centuries of observation and innovation, these technologies are sustainable, eco-friendly, and often rely on local materials. From farming and fishing to house-building and crafts, indigenous technologies continue to shape the daily lives and cultural identity of many Filipino communities. 

•  Built using local materials like bamboo, cogon grass, and nipa palm, it is designed for tropical climates with natural ventilation and elevated floors to avoid flooding and pests. 

• Using plant-based colors (e.g., indigo, roots, bark) to dye fabric without chemicals. 

• Used by riverine and coastal groups like the Sama-Bajau, Tagbanua, and Subanen. 

• Used by Ilocano and Tagalog farmers to transport crops and goods across rice fields and unpaved roads. Still seen in rural communities today.