Introduction to Database: Importance of database, Characteristics of database approach,
difference between the database approach and File oriented approach, Characteristics of data indatabase, meaning of database system, Database users; Database management systems
(DBMS): Meaning, advantages of using a DBMS; Types of DBMS: Hierarchical, network,
relational, object-oriented, object-relational; Database system concepts and architecture:
Data Models, schemas, and instances, Three schema architecture, Data Independence; and Design Constraints.
Conceptual database model: ER Model, Defining relations; Components of ER model:
Entities and attributes, Entity types, entity sets, keys and value set, symbols of ER-Diagram;
Relationship: one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many, examples of ER-Diagram;
Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER): Super classes, subclasses and inheritance,
Specialization and Generalization and their constraints. Introduction to RDBMS
Terminologies: characteristics of relation, Domain constraints, Entity, attributes and tuples, relational data integrity.
Type of Key attributes; Functional dependencies; Introduction to Normalization: General
definitions and its importance; Normal forms: First, second, third, fourth, fifth form, Boyce-
Codd Normal form. Relational algebra: Relational algebraic operations - (union, intersection, difference, project, Cartesian product, rename, select, division, join.),
 Examples of queries in Relational Algebra; Relational Calculus: Tuple relational calculus, Domain relational calculus.
Characteristics and advantage of SQL, Data types: data types, literals, string, numeric;
specifying constraints in SQL. Types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL; SQL operations: arithmetic, comparison, logical and set operators, Operator precedence,
Examples of basic Queries and sub queries. Aggregate functions: Applications, general rules, examples of Aggregate functions provided by SQL. Table: create, modify, alter, drop.
Views: and indexes. Insert, update and Delete operations. Joints, unions, Intersections, Minus. Cursors in SQL, Embedded SQL.
Database Security: Requirement of Database security, Dimension, risks and security
requirements, Giving Privileges to protecting the data, Authorization and Views, data encryption.
Database backups: Causes of failures, Importance of backup, Back-up mechanism logging, checkpointing. Recovery techniques: Deferred update, intermediate update, shadow paging;
Detached transaction actions; Recovery in multi-database systems.
Integrity constraints: basic concepts, Types, Restriction on integrity constrains, Data security risk. Granting and revoking privileges and roles.
