Centers for Disease Control. (2024, May 23). Findings from the National Spina Bifida Patient Registry. Spina Bifida. https://www.cdc.gov/spina-bifida/data/findings-from-the-nsbpr-registry.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 1). About Spina Bifida. Spina Bifida. https://www.cdc.gov/spina-bifida/about/index.html

Church, P. T., Castillo, H., Castillo, J., Berndl, A., Brei, T., Heuer, G., Howell, L. J., & Merkens, M. (2020). Prenatal counseling: Guidelines for the care of people with spina bifida. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 13(4), 461–466. https://doi.org/10.3233/prm-200735

Cleveland Clinic. (2022, March 30). Neural Tube Defects (NTDs): What They Are, Causes & Prevention. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22656-neural-tube-defects-ntd

Courtney Drake Sebold, Melvin, E. C., Siegel, D., Mehltretter, L., Enterline, D. S., Nye, J. S., Kessler, J., Bassuk, A., Speer, M. C., & George, T. M. (2005). Recurrence risks for neural tube defects in siblings of patients with lipomyelomeningocele. Genetics in Medicine, 7(1), 64–67. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gim.0000151158.09278.2b

de Franchis, R., Botto, L. D., Sebastio, G., Ricci, R., Iolascon, A., Capra, V., Andria, G., & Mastroiacovo, P. (2002). Spina bifida and folate-related genes: A study of gene-gene interactions. Genetics in Medicine, 4(3), 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1097/00125817-200205000-00005

Fernández-Santos, B., Reyes-Corral, M., Caro-Vega, J. M., Lao-Pérez, M., Vallejo-Grijalba, C., Mesa-Cruz, C., Morón, F. J., & Ybot-González, P. (2023). The loop-tail mouse model displays open and closed caudal neural tube defects. Disease Models & Mechanisms, 16(8), dmm050175. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.050175

Fetoscopic surgery for spina bifida. (2024). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/fetoscopic-surgery-for-spina-bifida/vid-20474347

Galea, G. L., Nychyk, O., Mole, M. A., Moulding, D., Savery, D., Nikolopoulou, E., Henderson, D. J., Greene, N. D. E., & Copp, A. J. (2018). Vangl2 disruption alters the biomechanics of late spinal neurulation leading to spina bifida in mouse embryos. Disease Models & Mechanisms, 11(3), dmm032219. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.032219

Genetics and Spina Bifida. (n.d.). Spina Bifida Association. https://www.spinabifidaassociation.org/resource/genetics-spina-bifida/

Hassan, A.-E. S., Du, Y. L., Lee, S. Y., Wang, A., & Farmer, D. L. (2022). Spina Bifida: A Review of the Genetics, Pathophysiology and Emerging Cellular Therapies. Journal of Developmental Biology, 10(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10020022

Hints and tips for bathroom design: Spina Bifida - Closomat. (2023, March 17). https://www.closomat.co.uk/hints-and-tips-for-bathroom-design-spina-bifida/

MTHFR Gene. (n.d.). Www.shinecharity.org.uk. https://www.shinecharity.org.uk/spina-bifida/mthfr-gene

Sanz Cortes, M., Chmait, R. H., Lapa, D. A., Belfort, M. A., Carreras, E., Miller, J. L., Brawura Biskupski Samaha, R., Sepulveda Gonzalez, G., Gielchinsky, Y., Yamamoto, M., Persico, N., Santorum, M., Otaño, L., Nicolaou, E., Yinon, Y., Faig-Leite, F., Brandt, R., Whitehead, W., Maiz, N., & Baschat, A. (2021). Experience of 300 cases of prenatal fetoscopic open spina bifida repair: report of the International Fetoscopic Neural Tube Defect Repair Consortium. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 225(6), 678.e1–678.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.05.044

Seller, M. J., & Adinolfi, M. (1981). The curly-tail mouse: An experimental model for human neural tube defects. Life Sciences, 29(16), 1607–1615. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(81)90061-8

Shatto, R. (2025, April). Breakthrough Study Sheds New Light on Causes of Spina Bifida and Potential Treatments | RCIGM. RCIGM. https://radygenomics.org/2025/breakthrough-study-sheds-new-light-on-causes-of-spina-bifida-and-potential-treatments/

Spina Bifida. (n.d.). Ucsfbenioffchildrens.org. https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/spina-bifida

Spina Bifida | Obstetrics and Gynecology & Maternal Fetal Surgery located in Park Ridge, IL | Suwan Mehra, MD. (n.d.). Www.suwanmehramd.com. https://www.suwanmehramd.com/content/spina-bifida

Spina bifida: MedlinePlus Genetics. (n.d.). Medlineplus.gov. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/spina-bifida/

Sudiwala, S., De Castro, S. C. P., Leung, K.-Y., Brosnan, J. T., Brosnan, M. E., Mills, K., Copp, A. J., & Greene, N. D. E. (2016). Formate supplementation enhances folate-dependent nucleotide biosynthesis and prevents spina bifida in a mouse model of folic acid-resistant neural tube defects. Biochimie, 126, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2016.02.010

UPMC Adult Spina Bifida Clinic Team Participates in 2023 World Congress on Spina Bifida Research and Care | UPMC Physician Resources. (2023). Upmcphysicianresources.com. https://www.upmcphysicianresources.com/news/042923-spina-bifida

van Straaten, H. W. M., & Copp, A. J. (2001). Curly tail: a 50-year history of the mouse spina bifida model. Anatomy and Embryology, 203(4), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004290100169