Future Research

First, the success of stem cells therapy used in disease treatment such as bone marrow stem cell transplants for leukemia and sickle cell anemia and many other diseases must be celebrated. However, upon looking at the decades of research that has been done, it can be assumed that stem cell therapy has the potential of providing a life-changing therapy for diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Type 1 Diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and macular degeneration, amongst others. It can provide treatment for non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease or provide a new therapy for a lifetime factor such as growing hair in the correct places and expanding cognitive abilities or increasing healthy lifespan. Moreover, stem cell therapy can help generate tissues and organs or missing body parts(such as hands, legs, fingers etc.) during birth in newborn babies. Stem cell therapy and performance can be improved if a variety of medications specified for aiding in cytoprotective responses in the cells own mechanism are produced. Moreover, individuals donating oocytes for stem cell therapy must be supported with the necessary help needed so that others will be encouraged to donate.

While there is some research supporting the safety of EVs, further experimentation is required to establish their safety profiles. Despite some evidence that the function of the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidney remain unaffected by EV treatment, it is possible that higher doses may cause changes. Consequently, gene expression within the cells of abnormally-functioning organs would be altered as well and would need to be investigated. Therefore, additional research using varying doses of EVs would help elucidate the possible side effects of EV treatment.

Furthermore, researchers should explore the effects of modified EVs. For example, it possible to create MSC-EVs that deliver selected drugs to target cells (Psaraki et al., 2021). Unfortunately, there is little research applying these modified MSC-EVs to liver diseases. However, they may have the ability to significantly enhance the effects of EVs that support liver regeneration. Therefore, EVs containing various drugs should be tested on mouse models with different liver diseases to determine how beneficial EV modifications can be.

The enhanced bone repair of the introduction of mesenchymal stem cells have been tested and demonstrated, but the exact process of how they do so and the optimal delivery method is still relatively unknown. Developed tracking methods that are also noninvasive could be a direction that should be looked at in the future in order to understand the processes that result in the robust bone repair capabilities of stem cells introduced in vivo. If this can be achieved, then the ideal delivery method of stem cells in addition to the quantity, type of stem cell, and destination of them can make the therapies a lot more effective and reliable. Perhaps with genetic modifications to either the scaffolds to deliver the stem cells or the stem cells themselves, there could be an increase in greater viability and capability of MSC-based therapies for bone repair. This would also diminish the issue of current invasive techniques to obtain MSCs along with therapies involving them. Novel research studies involving stem cells can definitely be achieved in the future and hopefully can counteract the numerous bone defects and diseases.