References

Reference list

1. Steele, I. H., Pope, H. G., & Kanayama, G. (2019). Competitive Bodybuilding. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/hrp.0000000000000211

2. Er, H., Pj, F., Aa, A., J, C., & Bj, S. (2015, March 1). Recommendations for Natural Bodybuilding Contest Preparation: Resistance and Cardiovascular Training. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24998610/

3. Helms, E. R., Aragon, A. A., & Fitschen, P. J. (2014). Evidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-11-20

4. admin. (2017, September 11). Volume vs Intensity for Hypertrophy | Muscle Growth. Fitnotice. https://fitnotice.com/intensity-vs-volume-for-hypertrophy/

5. Campos, G., Luecke, T., Wendeln, H., Toma, K., Hagerman, F., Murray, T., Ragg, K., Ratamess, N., Kraemer, W., & Staron, R. (2002). Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(1-2), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0681-6

6. Wernbom, M., Augustsson, J., & Thome??, R. (2007). The Influence of Frequency, Intensity, Volume and Mode of Strength Training on Whole Muscle Cross-Sectional Area in Humans. Sports Medicine, 37(3), 225–264. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737030-00004

7. Giessing, J., Eichmann, B., Steele, J., & Fisher, J. (2016). A comparison of low volume “high-intensity-training” and high volume traditional resistance training methods on muscular performance, body composition, and subjective assessments of training. Biology of Sport, 33(3), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1201813

8. American College of Sports Medicine. (2009). Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(3), 687–708. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181915670

9. Fry, A. C. (2004). The role of resistance exercise intensity on muscle fibre adaptations. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 34(10), 663–679. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434100-00004

10. Redondo Sanchez. (2021, May 29). How to train to gain muscle mass? Vitruve | Velocity-Based Training. https://vitruve.fit/blog/how-to-train-to-gain-muscle-mass/

11. Krzysztofik, M., Wilk, M., Wojdała, G., & Gołaś, A. (2019). Maximizing Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review of Advanced Resistance Training Techniques and Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), E4897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244897

12. Hornberger, T. A., Chu, W. K., Mak, Y. W., Hsiung, J. W., Huang, S. A., & Chien, S. (2006). The role of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(12), 4741–4746. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600678103

13. Schoenfeld, B. J. (2013). Potential Mechanisms for a Role of Metabolic Stress in Hypertrophic Adaptations to Resistance Training. Sports Medicine, 43(3), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0017-1

14. Takarada, Y., Nakamura, Y., Aruga, S., Onda, T., Miyazaki, S., & Ishii, N. (2000). Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(1), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.61

15. Schoenfeld, B. J. (2012). Does Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Play a Role in Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(5), 1441–1453. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824f207e

16. MacNeil, L. G., Melov, S., Hubbard, A. E., Baker, S. K., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2010). Eccentric Exercise Activates Novel Transcriptional Regulation of Hypertrophic Signaling Pathways Not Affected by Hormone Changes. PLoS ONE, 5(5), e10695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010695

17. Willardson, J. M. (2007). THE APPLICATION OF TRAINING TO FAILURE IN PERIODIZED MULTIPLE-SET RESISTANCE EXERCISE PROGRAMS. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(2), 628–631. https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2007/05000/THE_APPLICATION_OF_TRAINING_TO_FAILURE_IN.58.aspx

18. Davies, T., Orr, R., Halaki, M., & Hackett, D. (2015). Effect of Training Leading to Repetition Failure on Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(4), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0451-3

19. Drinkwater, E. J., Lawton, T. W., Lindsell, R. P., Pyne, D. B., Hunt, P. H., & Mckenna, M. J. (2005). TRAINING LEADING TO REPETITION FAILURE ENHANCES BENCH PRESS STRENGTH GAINS IN ELITE JUNIOR ATHLETES. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(2), 382–388. https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2005/05000/TRAINING_LEADING_TO_REPETITION_FAILURE_ENHANCES.24.aspx

20. Figueiredo, V. C., de Salles, B. F., & Trajano, G. S. (2017). Volume for Muscle Hypertrophy and Health Outcomes: The Most Effective Variable in Resistance Training. Sports Medicine, 48(3), 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0793-0

21. Brigatto, F. A., Lima, L. E. de M., Germano, M. D., Aoki, M. S., Braz, T. V., & Lopes, C. R. (2019). High Resistance-Training Volume Enhances Muscle Thickness in Resistance-Trained Men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003413

22. Moesgaard, L., Beck, M. M., Christiansen, L., Aagaard, P., & Lundbye-Jensen, J. (2022). Effects of Periodization on Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy in Volume-Equated Resistance Training Programs: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01636-1

23. Mann, J. B., Thyfault, J. P., Ivey, P. A., & Sayers, S. P. (2010). The Effect of Autoregulatory Progressive Resistance Exercise vs. Linear Periodization on Strength Improvement in College Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1718–1723. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181def4a6

24. Knight, K. L. (1979). Knee rehabilitation by the daily adjustable progressive resistive exercise technique. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 7(6), 336–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354657900700605

25. Helms, E. R., Kwan, K., Sousa, C. A., Cronin, J. B., Storey, A. G., & Zourdos, M. C. (2020). Methods for Regulating and Monitoring Resistance Training. Journal of Human Kinetics, 74(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0011

26. Hubal, M. J., Gordish-Dressman, H., Thompson, P. D., Price, T. B., Hoffman, E. P., Angelopoulos, T. J., Gordon, P. M., Moyna, N. M., Pescatello, L. S., Visich, P. S., Zoeller, R. F., Seip, R. L., & Clarkson, P. M. (2005). Variability in Muscle Size and Strength Gain after Unilateral Resistance Training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37(6), 964–972. https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2005/06000/Variability_in_Muscle_Size_and_Strength_Gain_after.10.aspx

27. Cureton, K. J., Collins, M. A., Hill, D. W., & Mcelhannon, F. M. J. (1988). Muscle hypertrophy in men and women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 20(4), 338–344. https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/1988/08000/Muscle_hypertrophy_in_men_and_women.3.aspx

28. O’Hagan, F., Sale, D., MacDougall, J., & Garner, S. (1995). Response to Resistance Training in Young Women and Men. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(05), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-973012

29. Häkkinen, K. (1993). Neuromuscular Fatigue and Recovery in Male and Female Athletes during Heavy Resistance Exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 14(02), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021146

30. Roberts, B. M. , Lavin, K. M. , Many, G. M. , Thalacker-Mercer, A. , Merritt, E. K. , Bickel, S. C. , Mayhew, D. L. , Tuggle, C. S. , Cross, J. M. , Kosek, D. J. , Petrella, J. K. , Brown, C. J. , Hunter, G. R. , Windham, S. T. , Allman, R. M. & Bamman, M. M. (2018). Human neuromuscular aging: Sex differences revealed at the myocellular level. Experimental Gerontology, 106 , 116-124. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.02.023.

31. Sakamaki-Sunaga, M., Min, S., Kamemoto, K., & Okamoto, T. (2016). Effects of Menstrual Phase–Dependent Resistance Training Frequency on Muscular Hypertrophy and Strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(6), 1727–1734. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001250

32. Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2005). Hormonal Responses and Adaptations to Resistance Exercise and Training. Sports Medicine, 35(4), 339–361. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535040-00004

33. McNulty, K. L., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Dolan, E., Swinton, P. A., Ansdell, P., Goodall, S., Thomas, K., & Hicks, K. M. (2020). The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Exercise Performance in Eumenorrheic Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01319-3

34. Chiu., 2017. Perfecting The Deload & Taper Part 2: Tapering & Peaking — GC Performance Training. [online] GC Performance Training. Available at: https://gcperformancetraining.com/gc-blog/perfectingdeloadtaper2>[Accessed 11 May 2021]

35. Flynn, M. G., Pizza, F. X., Boone, J. B., Andres, F. F., Michaud, T. A., & Rodriguez-Zayas, J. R. (1994). Indices of training stress during competitive running and swimming seasons. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021014

36. Turner, A. (2011). The Science and Practice of Periodization: A Brief Review. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 33(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182079cdf

37. Greig, L., Stephens Hemingway, B. H., Aspe, R. R., Cooper, K., Comfort, P., & Swinton, P. A. (2020). Autoregulation in Resistance Training: Addressing the Inconsistencies. Sports Medicine, 50(11), 1873–1887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01330-8

38. Imbach, F., Sutton-Charani, N., Montmain, J., Candau, R., & Perrey, S. (2022). The Use of Fitness-Fatigue Models for Sport Performance Modelling: Conceptual Issues and Contributions from Machine-Learning. Sports Medicine - Open, 8, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00426-x

39. Bell, L., Ruddock, A., Maden-Wilkinson, T., & Rogerson, David. (2020). Overreaching and overtraining in strength sports and resistance training: A scoping review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(16), 1897–1912. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1763077

40. Allen, D. G. , Whitehead, N. P. & Yeung, E. W. (2005). Mechanisms of stretch-induced muscle damage in normal and dystrophic muscle. Journal of Physiology, 567 (3), 723-735.

41. Kumar, V., Atherton, P., Smith, K., & Rennie, M. J. (2009). Human muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during and after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(6), 2026–2039. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91481.2008

42. Samuels, C. (2008). Sleep, Recovery, and Performance: The New Frontier in High-Performance Athletics. Neurologic Clinics, 26(1), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2007.11.012

43. Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., Takano, T., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2013). Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain. Science, 342(6156), 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241224

44. Sassin, J. F., Parker, D. C., Mace, J. W., Gotlin, R. W., Johnson, L. C., & Rossman, L. G. (1969). Human Growth Hormone Release: Relation to Slow-Wave Sleep and Sleep-Waking Cycles. Science, 165(3892), 513–515. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3892.513

45. Bishop, D. (2008). An Applied Research Model for the Sport Sciences. Sports Medicine, 38(3), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838030-00005

46. Souissi, N., Souissi, M., Souissi, H., Chamari, K., Tabka, Z., Dogui, M., & Davenne, D. (2008). Effect of Time of Day and Partial Sleep Deprivation on Short‐Term, High‐Power Output. Chronobiology International, 25(6), 1062–1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520802551568

47. Martin, B. J. (1981). Effect of sleep deprivation on tolerance of prolonged exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 47(4), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02332962

48. Abbiss, C. R., & Laursen, P. B. (2005). Models to Explain Fatigue during Prolonged Endurance Cycling. Sports Medicine, 35(10), 865–898. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535100-00004

49. REILLY, T., & PIERCY, M. (1994). The effect of partial sleep deprivation on weight-lifting performance. Ergonomics, 37(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139408963628

50. Iraki, J., Fitschen, P., Espinar, S., & Helms, E. (2019). Nutrition Recommendations for Bodybuilders in the Off-Season: A Narrative Review. Sports, 7(7), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7070154

51. Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2010). Development of hydration strategies to optimize performance for athletes in high-intensity sports and in sports with repeated intense efforts. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01191.x

52. B, M. (2007, October 1). Hydration and Physical Performance. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17921463/

53. Armstrong, L. E., Maresh, C. M., Castellani, J. W., Bergeron, M. F., Kenefick, R. W., LaGasse, K. E., & Riebe, D. (1994). Urinary Indices of Hydration Status. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 4(3), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.3.265

54. Armstrong, L. E., Herrera Soto, J. A., Hacker, F. T., Casa, D. J., Kavouras, S. A., & Maresh, C. M. (1998). Urinary Indices during Dehydration, Exercise, and Rehydration. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 8(4), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.8.4.345

55. Garthe, I., Raastad, T., Refsnes, P. E., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). Effect of nutritional intervention on body composition and performance in elite athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.643923

56. Mero, A. A., Huovinen, H., Matintupa, O., Hulmi, J. J., Puurtinen, R., Hohtari, H., & Karila, T. A. (2010). Moderate energy restriction with high protein diet results in healthier outcome in women. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-4

57. American College of Sports Medicine. (2007). Exercise and Fluid Replacement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(2), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597

58. Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006

59. Lemon, P. W. R. (2000). Beyond the Zone: Protein Needs of Active Individuals. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(sup5), 513S521S. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718974

60. Garthe, I., Raastad, T., Refsnes, P. E., Koivisto, A., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2011). Effect of Two Different Weight-Loss Rates on Body Composition and Strength and Power-Related Performance in Elite Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21(2), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.2.97

61. Celejowa, I., & Homa, M. (1970). Food Intake, Nitrogen and Energy Balance in Polish Weight Lifters, during a Training Camp. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 12(5), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1159/000175300

62. METTLER, S., MITCHELL, N., & TIPTON, K. D. (2010). Increased Protein Intake Reduces Lean Body Mass Loss during Weight Loss in Athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(2), 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b2ef8e

63. Helms, E. R., Zinn, C., Rowlands, D. S., & Brown, S. R. (2014). A Systematic Review of Dietary Protein During Caloric Restriction in Resistance Trained Lean Athletes: A Case for Higher Intakes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0054

64. Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Ferrando, A. A., Arent, S. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Arciero, P. J., Ormsbee, M. J., Taylor, L. W., Wilborn, C. D., Kalman, D. S., Kreider, R. B., Willoughby, D. S., & Hoffman, J. R. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8

65. Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006

66. Jeukendrup, A. E., Jentjens, R. L. P. G., & Moseley, L. (2005). Nutritional Considerations in Triathlon. Sports Medicine, 35(2), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535020-00005

67. Macdougall, J. D., Ray, S., Sale, D. G., Mccartney, N., Lee, P., & Garner, S. (1999). Muscle Substrate Utilization and Lactate Production During Weightlifting. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 24(3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1139/h99-017

68. Slater, G., & Phillips, S. M. (2011). Nutrition guidelines for strength sports: Sprinting, weightlifting, throwing events, and bodybuilding. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(sup1), S67–S77. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.574722

69. Sm, P., & Lj, V. L. (2011). Dietary Protein for Athletes: From Requirements to Optimum Adaptation. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22150425/

70. Mäestu, J., Eliakim, A., Jürimäe, J., Valter, I., & Jürimäe, T. (2010). Anabolic and Catabolic Hormones and Energy Balance of the Male Bodybuilders During the Preparation for the Competition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(4), 1074–1081. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cb6fd3

71. Chappell, A., & Simper, T. (2018). Nutritional Peak Week and Competition Day Strategies of Competitive Natural Bodybuilders. Sports, 6(4), 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040126

72. Volek, J. S., Kraemer, W. J., Bush, J. A., Incledon, T., & Boetes, M. (1997). Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.49

73. Hämäläinen, E. K., Adlercreutz, H., Puska, P., & Pietinen, P. (1983). Decrease of serum total and free testosterone during a low-fat high-fibre diet. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 18(3), 369–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(83)90117-6

74. Sallinen, J., Pakarinen, A., Ahtiainen, J., Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., & Häkkinen, K. (2004). Relationship Between Diet and Serum Anabolic Hormone Responses to Heavy-Resistance Exercise in Men. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(8), 627–633. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-815818

75. Lambert, C. P., Frank, L. L., & Evans, W. J. (2004). Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 34(5), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434050-00004

76. Bird, S. (2010). Strength Nutrition: Maximizing Your Anabolic Potential. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 32(4), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181d5284e

77. Hall, M., & Trojian, T. H. (2013). Creatine Supplementation. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 12(4), 240–244. https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0b013e31829cdff2

78. Armentano, M. J., Brenner, A. K., Hedman, T. L., Solomon, Z. T., Chavez, J., Kemper, G. B., Salzberg, D., Battafarano, D. F., & Christie, D. S. (2007). The Effect and Safety of Short-Term Creatine Supplementation on Performance of Push-Ups. Military Medicine, 172(3), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed.172.3.312

79. Persky, A. M., & Brazeau, G. A. (2001). Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate. Pharmacological Reviews, 53(2), 161–176. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11356982/

80. Lemon, P. W. R. (2002). Dietary creatine supplementation and exercise performance: why inconsistent results? Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne de Physiologie Appliquee, 27(6), 663–681. https://doi.org/10.1139/h02-039

81. Buford, T. W., Kreider, R. B., Stout, J. R., Greenwood, M., Campbell, B., Spano, M., Ziegenfuss, T., Lopez, H., Landis, J., & Antonio, J. (2007). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 4(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-4-6

82. Graham, T. E. (2001). Caffeine and Exercise. Sports Medicine, 31(11), 785–807. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002

83. Van Thuyne, W., Roels, K., & Delbeke, F. T. (2005). Distribution of Caffeine Levels in Urine in Different Sports in Relation to Doping Control. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(9), 714–718. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-837437

84. Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2017). Caffeine ingestion acutely enhances muscular strength and power but not muscular endurance in resistance-trained men. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(8), 1029–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1330362

85. McLellan, T. M., Caldwell, J. A., & Lieberman, H. R. (2016). A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71(1), 294–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001

86. Te, G. (2001). Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11583104/

87. Tallis, J., & Yavuz, H. C. M. (2018). The effects of low and moderate doses of caffeine supplementation on upper and lower body maximal voluntary concentric and eccentric muscle force. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 43(3), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0370

88. Maté-Muñoz, J. L., Lougedo, J. H., Garnacho-Castaño, M. V., Veiga-Herreros, P., Lozano-Estevan, M. del C., García-Fernández, P., de Jesús, F., Guodemar-Pérez, J., San Juan, A. F., & Domínguez, R. (2018). Effects of β-alanine supplementation during a 5-week strength training program: a randomized, controlled study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0224-0

89. BLANCQUAERT, L., EVERAERT, I., MISSINNE, M., BAGUET, A., STEGEN, S., VOLKAERT, A., PETROVIC, M., VERVAET, C., ACHTEN, E., DE MAEYER, M., DE HENAUW, S., & DERAVE, W. (2017). Effects of Histidine and β-alanine Supplementation on Human Muscle Carnosine Storage. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(3), 602–609. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001213

90. Dutka, T. L., & Lamb, G. D. (2004). Effect of Carnosine on Excitation–Contraction Coupling in Mechanically-Skinned Rat Skeletal Muscle. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 25(3), 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jure.0000038265.37022.c5

91. Tobias, G., Benatti, F. B., de Salles Painelli, V., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Sale, C., Harris, R. C., Lancha, A. H., & Artioli, G. G. (2013). Additive effects of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate on upper-body intermittent performance. Amino Acids, 45(2), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1495-z

92. Hill, C. A., Harris, R. C., Kim, H. J., Harris, B. D., Sale, C., Boobis, L. H., Kim, C. K., & Wise, J. A. (2006). Influence of β-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids, 32(2), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4

93. Simopoulos, A. P. (2007). Omega-3 fatty acids and athletics. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 6(4), 230–236. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17617998/

94. Smith, G. I., Atherton, P., Reeds, D. N., Mohammed, B. S., Rankin, D., Rennie, M. J., & Mittendorfer, B. (2010). Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(2), 402–412. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.005611

95. Thielecke, F., & Blannin, A. (2020). Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Sport Performance—Are They Equally Beneficial for Athletes and Amateurs? A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12(12), 3712. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123712

96. Kloner, R. A., Carson, C., Dobs, A., Kopecky, S., & Mohler, E. R. (2016). Testosterone and Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 67(5), 545–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.005

97. Whittaker, J., & Wu, K. (2021). Low-fat diets and testosterone in men: Systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 210, 105878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105878

98. Suryanarayana, B. V., Kent, J. R., Meister, L., & Parlow, A. F. (1969). Pituitary--gonadal axis during prolonged total starvation in obese men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 22(6), 767–770. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/22.6.767

99. Pecora, F., Persico, F., Argentiero, A., Neglia, C., & Esposito, S. (2020). The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients, 12(10), 3198. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103198

100. Albers, R., Bourdet-Sicard, R., Braun, D., Calder, P. C., Herz, U., Lambert, C., Lenoir-Wijnkoop, I., Méheust, A., Ouwehand, A., Phothirath, P., Sako, T., Salminen, S., Siemensma, A., van Loveren, H., & Sack, U. (2013). Monitoring immune modulation by nutrition in the general population: identifying and substantiating effects on human health. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(S2), S1–S30. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513001505

101. Ströhle, A. (2018). Sports psychiatry: mental health and mental disorders in athletes and exercise treatment of mental disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(5), 485–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0891-5