Very-long-period seismic signals (VLPs) are commonly used to interpret volcanic plumbing systems and the dynamics of eruptions. The standing conceptual model for VLPs in low-viscosity systems links them to the driving mechanism for strombolian explosions, involving a gas slug rising in the conduit, generating a VLP, and bursting at a lava-free surface. The model for strombolian eruptions is based on observations of bubble bursting at an observable lava lake at Heimaey Volcano, Iceland, in the 1970s and has formed the basis for decades of detailed analysis and interpretation of VLPs at volcanoes worldwide, including Kilauea (Hawai’i), Erebus (Antarctica), Yasur (Vanuatu), Fuego (Guatemala), and Stromboli (Italy) volcanoes.
Stromboli volcano, Italy crater terrace - photo credit: D. Fee
In data from a 2018 seismo-acoustic deployment, ~92% of events in two main VLP multiplets do not coincide in time with impulsive infrasonic signals (the expected signal of explosive slug bursting); we term these `silent VLPs'. The lack of infrasonically-detected explosions relative to repeating VLPs does not support the commonly-invoked `gas slug' model. We propose that VLPs may be generated when gas bubbles move into a weak semi-solid plug in the uppermost portion of the conduit. The plug then acts as a mechanical filter in which pathways vary and guide or trap ascending gas slugs, allowing for passive (silent) gas release and explosive escape mechanisms decoupled in time from VLPs.