Internal Structure of the Earth

• Core, Mantle, Crust

Characteristics of each layer

• Thickness

• Solid or liquid state

Movement of tectonic plates driven by the pull of subducting plates and convection currents circulating within the mantle

Plate movements and associated landforms

• Divergent: Rift valleys and block mountains

• Convergent: Fold mountains

• Divergent and Convergent: Volcanoes

Structure of volcanoes

• Crater

• Caldera

• Vent

• Magma chamber

Characteristics and formation of volcanoes

Benefits of living in volcanic areas

• Fertile soil

• Precious stones and minerals

• Tourism

• Geothermal energy

Risks of living in volcanic areas

• Massive destruction by volcanic materials

• Pollution

Risks associated with living in earthquake zones

• Disruption of services

• Landslides

• Destruction of properties and infrastructure

• Loss of lives

• Tsunamis 

People may respond to natural hazards in several ways:

–      Preparedness measures

○       Land use regulation

○       Infrastructure

○       Emergency drills

○       Earthquake and tsunami monitoring and warning systems

–      Short-term responses

○       Search and rescue

○       Emergency food and medical supplies

–      Long-term responses

○       Rebuilding of infrastructure

○   Provision of health care