Physical contact with stamp sand delays embryo hatching, increasing vulnerability to predation during development.
Prolonged exposure to stamp sand results in neuromast loss, impairing sensory function, while cardiovascular stress remains largely unaffected.
No gross craniofacial abnormalities were observed in embryos exposed to stamp sand.
However, morphometric analysis revealed statistically significant changes in craniofacial shape and size following exposure, suggesting developmental issues.