Landforms, & Water 

Kinsale is home to sandstone and shale. These rock types date back to the Paleozoic Era and are a part of the sedimentary family (31). Sedimentary rocks are formed by lithification of rock debris (32). 

Ireland is a part of the Eurasia plate and is not located near any plate boundaries (33). There are not any landforms in Kinsale that are a product of plate tectonic movement, but Ireland as a whole was made around 400 million years ago when two plates collided (34). Around 60 million years ago, Ireland experienced a period where it was covered by lava and volcanic activity, these volcanoes are now unactive (34). The volcanic activity created Irelands black basalt rocks (34). 

Kinsale is a part of the Munster Ridge and Valley Province. Erosion has shaped the parallel ridge of the mountains in this region. The valleys in this region near Kinsale (located in Cork) were flooded and created deep rias (35). 

Water is an important part of Kinsale's way of life and its formation. It is on the coast and is a part of Kinsale Harbor where Bandon River meets the Atlantic Ocean. As seen in weathering and erosion, water shapes the land through coastal erosion and flooding. 

In 2018, the Irish Water Leakage Reduction Program installed new water mains to provide Kinsale with safe drinking water as well as to ensure aging pipes aren't a problem (36). 

Ireland has been covered in Glaciers many times, the last glaciation was the Devensian glaciation, which was around 11,500 years ago (37). In Cork County where Kinsale is located, there were separate ice caps (38). In Cork County glaciation is more prominent and shapes most of the land there (35). Throughout Ireland, glaciers have shaped many mountains and valleys, but the most distinctive landform is the drumlin which are low hills (38).