Tiered Versions

For a fuller scholarly treatment of female athletes, at Olympia and in general, and especially of Cynisca, see:

Kyle, D.G. “Fabulous Females and Ancient Olympia” in Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games, G.P. Schaus and S.R. Wenn, eds. Wilfred Laurier UP. 2007.

Kyle, D.G. “Greek Female Sport: Rites, Running, and Racing” in A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity, P. Christensen and 

D.G. Kyle, eds. Wiley Blackwell. 2014.

Primary Greek Sources Translated into Latin:

Pausanias, Description of Greece 3.18.1 Plutarch, Lycurgus 14.2.4 Xenophon, Constitution of the Spartans 1.4

Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.6.7=8 Plutarch, Agesilaus 20.1 Anthologia Palatina 13.16 = Inschriften von Olympia 160

Additional Primary Sources of Relevance:

on Pherenice/Callipateira: on Alcibiades: on Cynisca: on the Heraea festival:

Aelian, Varia Historia 10.1 Plutarch, Alcibiades 23.7-9 Pausanias 3.15.1 Pausanias 5.16.2-8

Philostratos, Gymnasticus 17 Plutarch, Agesilaus 3.1-2 Inscriptiones Graecae V.1.235

Scholiast on Pindar, Ol. 7 Isocrates, Team of Horses 32-35     on gender in chariot-racing:

    Homer, Iliad 23.407-9