Cancer

breast cancer

Description

Breast cancer us a type if cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. It usually begins in the milk-producing glands (lobules) or the ducts that carry milk to the nipple. Sometimes, it can also occur in the fatty or connective tissue if the breast. It happens when breast cells grow uncontrollably, forming a lump or mass, which can sometimes spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). The exact cause isn't always clear, but factors like genetics, hormonal changes, and lifestyle can increase the risk.

Who is at risk? What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

Anyone can develop breast cancer, but certain factors increase the risk.

A factor of breast cancer is age because risk increases with age, especially after 50.
A factor of breast cancer is sex because women are at higher risk than men, though men can also develop breast cancer.
A factor of breast cancer is family history because having close relatives (mother, sister, daughter) with breast or ovarian cancer increases risk.
A factor of breast cancer is personal history having previous breast cancer or certain benign breast conditions can increase risk.

How is breast cancer diagnosed?

Physical examination

Breast exam is when a doctor checks for lumps, changes in size/shape, or other abnormalities.

Imaging Tests

Mammogram is a low-dose X-ray to detect tumors or abnormalities. It's often the first imaging test.
Ultrasound is used to distinguish between solid masses (like tumors) and fluid-filled cysts.
MRI is used if more detailed images are needed, especially for those at high risk.

Biopsy

Find needle aspiration removes a small sample using a thin needle.
Core needle biopsy uses a larger needle to get a core of tissue.
Surgical biopsy remvoes part or all of a suspicious lump.

Treatment Plans

Most people recieve a combination of treatments, tailored to their specific situation. A medical team (oncologist, surgeon, radiation, specialist, etc.) will help determine the best approach.

surgery

Lumpectomy removes only the tumor and a small margin of surronding tissue. Often followed by radiation.
Mastectomy remvoes one or both breasts, either partially or completely.
Lymph node removal if cancer has spread, nearby lymph nodes may also be removed.

radiation therapy

Uses high-energy beams to target and kill cancer cells.
Often recommended after lumpectomy or in cases where cancer has spread to the chest wall or lymph nodes.

systemic therapies

Hormone therapy is for cancers that are hormone receptor-positive (ER/PR- positive).
Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill fast growing cancer cells.
Targeted therapy focuses on specififc proteins or genes involved in cancer growth.
Immunotherapy boosts the immune system to attack cancer cells.

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