Earlier in my career, I viewed teaching as a performance. This approach has some strengths but can lead to a passive student experience. Today I instead emphasize active and group learning methods in class, using a mixture of slides, worksheets, discussions, and computer exercises. I think that homework should feature deep and interesting questions while exams are better suited for predictable checks of core definitions and techniques.
I've recently started to experiment with collaborative exams.
I like Terry Tao's essay: Does one have to be a genius to do maths?
Here are some course topics listings with some nontraditional choices:
Calculus III includes the multidimensional Newton method, for zero-finding and for optimization (slides)
Differential Equations
Computational Linear Algebra includes discussion of the barycentric formulas, Chebyshev polynomials, interpolative matrix decomposition, nonnegative matrix factorization
Here are some readable syllabi from recent courses:
Calculus II
A solution of Laplace's equation on the unit square; e.g. a soap film stretched over a square with one side bent up into a ridge.