Izzy - Marin Academy Research Collaborative
Image Credit: Xerces Society
In the United States and Parts of Canada and Mexico, Monarch butterflies spend the summers breeding and the winters in Overwintering colonies. In the United States there are two populations divided by the Rocky Mountains. To the east, the eastern monarch population spends its summers interspersed throughout the eastern US, traveling south to Mexico where they overwinter in large colonies. Meanwhile to the west, the western monarch population spends its summers in Oregon, Washington and small parts of the neighboring states before heading south to coastal California where they too overwinter.
Overwintering Monarchs in Mexico
Photo Credit: Lincoln Brower
Though these two populations overwinter and breed in different locations, they are both still considered to be a part of the same species, Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus). Monarch butterflies are best know for this mass migration. But today, their population numbers are dramatically declining. Because of my geographic location in California, for my MARC project I have chose to focus on the Western Monarch population. This population is well monitored by the Xerces Society and Western Monarch Count with the help of citizen scientist. These number can be found on the Western Monarch Counts website (https://www.westernmonarchcount.org/).
Overwintering Monarchs in California
Photo Credit: Sarah Sindel, California State Parks
Image Credit: Xerces Society
Photo Credit: 2022 Proven Winners North America LLC. All Rights Reserved
Photo Credit: Getty Images
The introduced tropical milkweed species A. curassavica is an almost year-round stable food source for monarch butterflies in the United States that may contribute to growing non-migratory populations. Resident monarch populations seem to have higher levels of Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE), a protozoan parasite, which does not clear in non-migratory monarchs over winter. By contributing to the survival of non-migrating butterflies, Asclepias curassavica could be promoting OE persistence, but the US occurrence of this milkweed is unclear. We hypothesized that the abundance of Asclepias curassavica in US metro areas in California, Florida, and Texas have increased in recent years because of the popularity of monarch conservation and public campaigns that have encouraged the planting of this species. We collected publicly available iNaturalist data on milkweed plants (genus Asclepias) to assess the proportions of tropical to native species and compared the proportions of tropical milkweed observations across years, states, and metro areas. The results showed that states differ significantly (p<0.001) in the proportion of milkweed plants that are tropical (Florida > California > Texas), and metropolitan areas within each state largely do, as well. The proportion of tropical milkweed within each metropolitan area has changed little over time, suggesting less uptake than predicted.
Narrow Leaf Milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis) - Image Credit: High Country Gardens
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) - Image Credit: roundstoneseed.com
Tropical Milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) - Image Credit: https://www.gardenia.net/plant/asclepias-curassavica
Photo Credit: Kathy Keayley Garvey
I am currently working with Dr. Louie Yang of the Yang Lab at UCDavis. Through our collaboration I have learned about Monarch Butterfly seasonal windows of opportunity and the factors that influence survival rates and reproductive success of Monarch Butterflies.
I have also connected with PhD student, Dylan MacArthur-Waltz who is a part of the Yang Lab at UC Davis. Through our partnership I have been introduced to field work at the Pepperwood Preserve in Sonoma, California.
Photo Credit: Pepperwood Preserve
Photo Credits: George Rose/Getty Images; UCDavis; https://www.maxpixel.net/photo-4060058; Marin Academy