The above image is taken from:

Carlton, Genevieve, "Types of Learners." The Best Schools. The Best Schools 2021 https://thebestschools.org/magazine/types-of-learners/ Oct 20, 2021

.org, heBestSchools.org,

HOW DO I CITE USING MLA FORMATTING? Here's some links.

IN MLA FORMAT: This website will help you look up the proper way to use MLA citations in your works. This is a basic one that is good for most HS papers. Different disciplines - sciences, psychology, social science etc. all use differing formats. If you are using a specific format, look up the rules for each one. If you are in HS or college, the professor will usually tell you which format you will be using.

If you are using other people's ideas, words or concepts, you need to credit them using the correct format! If in doubt, LOOK IT UP! Any of your teachers can help you if you need to learn how to cite.

https://www.cdaschools.org/cms/lib07/ID01906304/Centricity/Domain/654/Middle%20School%20MLA.pdf (This site shows examples of common citations. It's an easy way to see what a paper should look like and has a sample paper.)

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_and_style_guide.html?_ga=2.19623804.558179429.1522454400-1709346682.1522454400

(This is a college site with a lot of information, and is used by a lot of high school and college students. Perdue has a LOT of writing help for nearly any writing style and is a great resource to bookmark. If you need to use another style than MLA, most of the common citation formats are in here.)

PLAGIARISM.....AVOID IT! Read the following:

Plagiarism: (The taking of other’s ideas and using them as your own) What is it? How do I keep from doing this?

Several definitions of words related to plagiarism:

Paraphrasing: Taking an author’s words and rewriting them in your own words. (You still need to cite the source.)

Citation: Writing down an author’s creative work location so a reader can look up the information you just used in your paper.

Plagiarism: Taking other people’s ideas and using them as yours without giving the author(s) credit for their work.

Ways People Plagiarize:

The following list is reprinted from: https://www.easybib.com/guides/plagiarism-guide/what-is-plagiarism/ Click the link to go to the full site; this site has a good diagram which will help you figure how to decide whether a citation is needed.

What is plagiarizing? Buying a paper 😡

It could be paying someone to write a paper for you. The same holds true for buying an essay. You paid for it, it’s yours. So, you didn’t steal it. However, if you submit it as if it were your own, you’re still lying. That means you are still plagiarizing.

What is plagiarizing? Using someone else’s work

It could be using someone else’s essay. It could be an essay an older classmate wrote a year ago, on the same topic you chose. Or, it could be an essay you found online that has some of the ideas you had in mind.

If you didn’t write it, if you didn’t do the work of bringing the ideas to life, then it’s not your writing. It’s plagiarism.

What is plagiarizing? Using a few sentences from another’s work- or even a few words

It could be using parts of other work in your work. You aren’t stealing someone’s paper. You’re just borrowing a few paragraphs.

Hold it. It doesn’t have to be an entire paper. It can be a few paragraphs, or a few sentences, or just one sentence, or even part of a sentence. The ideas you are taking aren’t yours. You did not put those words in that order to explain the idea. The work isn’t yours. This is still plagiarism.

What is plagiarizing? Paraphrasing without a citation

Ah ha! What if you don’t use someone’s words? What if you take their ideas and change the words and move them around? Now they’re your own words.

Yes, they’re your own words, but based on someone else’s words and ideas. What you did is paraphrase, which is a great thing to do, but if you don’t make it clear that the idea came from someone else, you are still plagiarizing.

Remember: you can’t steal an idea unless it has been expressed. But if someone already wrote about it, they have expressed that idea. So intellectual property isn’t just those exact words, but the idea behind those words.

What is plagiarizing? Quoting without a citation

If you do use a writer’s exact words, you need to put quotation marks around them. It is important to acknowledge someone’s exact words. If you changed them a little, gave them your own spin, remember: that’s paraphrasing, but you still need to give the original writer credit for the idea.

Why is it a big deal to show exact words? Well, if you paraphrase (give the writer’s idea but using your own words), you have put your interpretation into it. With the words you choose, with the order you put them in, you are making adjustments to the writer’s original idea. What if you changed the meaning a little? Not on purpose or anything, but it’s still not exactly what the writer meant. So, if you are repeating exactly what the writer wrote, use quotation marks.

What is plagiarizing? Accidental plagiarism

You’ve learned about plagiarism. You’re working hard to make sure you give credit to the original writers if you’re using their ideas for your argument. Let’s say you accidentally forget to cite somewhere.

This is also plagiarism. If you miss a citation, even by accident, you are still using someone else’s work without giving them credit.

How do you protect yourself against this kind of plagiarism? Take careful notes during your research and make sure you have a record of every piece of information that came from somewhere.

What is plagiarizing? Citing the wrong sources

What if you use the wrong sources? Writer A said this, but you cited it as Writer B. Oops… but can you see that Writer A is still not getting credit for their work?

This is another accident, but it is still plagiarism. Be careful when you take your research notes!

What is plagiarizing? Self-plagiarizing

This is the last one, but it’s a doozy. If you use something you have written and submitted it, you cannot use it again. If you do submit it somewhere else, you would be plagiarizing yourself.

Staff, EasyBib. “Determining What Is Plagiarism?” EasyBib, Chegg, 1 Jan. 2021, https://www.easybib.com/guides/plagiarism-guide/what-is-plagiarism/

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

While Writing Your Paper:

From: https://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/TM/curr390_guide.shtml Click the link to go to the full site.

NOTE TAKING: Do this while researching!

The best way to avoid plagiarism is to take careful notes. When taking notes, always do the following:

• First, read the entire text and summarize it in your own words. Then paraphrase important points and copy usable quotes. Enclose quotes in quotation marks.

• Carefully choose between material that is quoted, material that is paraphrased, material that is summarized, and your own words and ideas. Consider using different colored ink for each type of source.

• Include in your notes all the information you will need to cite your sources.

• Copy all source information into your working bibliography using the format your teacher has provided.

• Print any Web pages you use. Write the URL and the date on the Web page if it isn't included on the printout.

• Save all your notes and printouts until you receive your final grade.

CITING SOURCES

You must cite the source of every quote, every paraphrased passage, and every summarized idea you use in a research paper. Commonly known facts, such as dates or definitions, do not need to be cited unless you take those facts directly from a specific reference source, such as an encyclopedia. If you're not sure whether a source should be cited, include it just in case.

Sources must be cited both in the body of the paper and in the bibliography. In the body of the paper, you must do the following:

• Copy quoted material exactly, enclose it in quotations marks, and name the author immediately before or after the quote. Use the same procedure for summarized or paraphrased material, but omit the quotation marks.

• Cite the source information (title, publisher, date, and so on) for the quote or paraphrased or summarized information either in parentheses within the text or in a footnote.

• List on a reference page at the end of your paper the information for all the sources you have cited. (This is not the same as the bibliography.)

The bibliography is a list of all the sources you used -- both those you cited and those you used for research, but did not cite directly. The bibliography should follow the format your teacher has provided.

WRITING YOUR PAPER

The following tips on the writing process also will help you avoid plagiarism.

• Read your notes carefully and make sure you understand the material before you begin to write.

• Write a preliminary draft without looking at your notes. Leave spaces where you think you'll want to include quotes or supporting material.

• Use your own words as much as possible. No one expects you to write like an expert or a professional writer. You should, however, write like a serious, intelligent student.

• Cite all sources as you write your rough draft.

• Read through your final draft and make sure all uncited ideas are your own.

Used by permission: © 2002 by Education World®. Education World grants educators permission to reproduce this page for classroom use.

Not sure how to decide if online information is true? Here's a bit of help:

https://guides.library.txstate.edu/c.php?g=184587&p=4604817

Finding and Evaluating Web Sources: The CRAAP Test

This guide gives tips and tricks for finding web sources and evaluating their value for academic research. THESE ARE ALL SEARCHABLE! Click on each to go to the page.

• Home

• COVID-19 Resources

• Suggested Web Sources

• Search Strategies

• Using Google

• Evaluating Sources

• Citing Sources

• The CRAAP Test

• Fake News

The CRAAP Test for Evaluating Websites

Use the CRAAP test (an acronym for Currency, Authority, Accuracy, & Purpose) to evaluate websites and more.

Currency: the timeliness of the information

• Does the website have a publication date? Is it current?

• Has the information been revised or updated?

• Is the information current or out-of date for your topic?

• Are the links functional?

• 
  

Relevance: the importance of the information for your needs

• Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question?

• Who is the intended audience?

• Is the information at an appropriate level (i.e. not too elementary or advanced for your needs)?

• Have you looked at a variety of sources before determining this is one you will use?

• Would you be comfortable using this source for a research paper?

• 
  

Authority: the source of the information

• Who is the author/publisher/source/sponsor?

• Are the author's credentials or organizational affiliations given?

• What are the author's credentials or organizational affiliations given?

• What are the author's qualifications to write on the topic?

• Is there contact information, such as a publisher or e-mail address?

• Does the URL reveal anything about the author or source?

• Examples: .com (commercial), .edu (educational), .gov (U.S. government
  .org (nonprofit organization), or .net (network)

Accuracy: the reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content, and

• Where does the information come from?

• Is the information supported by evidence?

• Has the information been reviewed or refereed?

• Can you verify any of the information in another source or from personal knowledge?

• Does the language or tone seem biased and free of emotion?

• Are there spelling, grammar, or other typographical errors?

Purpose: the reason the information exists

• What is the purpose of the information? to inform? teach? sell? entertain? persuade?

• Do the authors/sponsors make their intentions or purpose clear?

• Is the information fact? opinion? propaganda?

• Does the point of view appear objective and impartial?

• Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional, or personal biases?

By scoring each category on a scale from 1 to 10 (1 = worst, 10=best possible) you can give each site a grade on a 50 point scale for how high-quality it is!

45 - 50 Excellent | 40 - 44 Good | 35 - 39 Average | 30 - 34 Borderline Acceptable | Below 30 - Unacceptable

Attribution: The CRAAP test was developed by librarians at CSU Chico, and gratefully used by librarians everywhere.

• Last Updated: Sep 8, 2021 6:03 PM

• URL: https://guides.library.txstate.edu/findingwebsources

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This information reproduced from this Texas State University website: Open source: no permission needed; originally created by librarians at CSU Chico in California.

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