Https stands for an encrypted service, using the "s" as a symbol for 'Secure'. Https lets the user know that that all information being sent out and taken in is going through an encryption key that scrambles and unscrables said information that's in text readable into a hash, text readable by computers but not humans, then back into a readable text
Your search history is data that is compiled overtime that represents all of the websites that you have ever been to. you can go yo your browsers settings and click on "history" then you can clear the data from there.
There are new incognito modes which can give you more security while you browse the web.
Illegal content includes; Pricy, terrorism, any form of fraud, child sexual abuse, copyright infringement, human trafficking, discrimination or racist material.
The copying of data from one computer to another typically other the internet.
cookies - cookies are small text based bits of information about your browser and your browsing activity. they are saved by the website your visiting. for example if you are suspicious about a site that is using cookies just turn off the cookies or if you don't want or need the website to remember your data you can turn off your cookies
Typos - there are some websites that are legitimate and some that are not like www.google.com that is the official site but www.gugle.com is not this is called typo squatting or URL hijacking and this heavily relies on typos made when entering a website URL
You can access browser security settings by going to the three dots in your taskbar and selecting settings, or going to chrome://settings. Chrome should usually have the best options, but if you want to change what sites can access, go to site permissions. You may want to ask before downloading on all sites, or other things you may want to protect like microphone, javascript, and unsandboxed plugin access.
A valid site certificate will show the lock icon in the Google search bar. Clicking the lock icon will show the certificate near the bottom. Clicking on the certificate will show you when the certificate is valid, what is it supposed to do, who issued the certificate, and to see more you can go into the details tab.