NoodleTools citations: https://my.noodletools.com/public/191018123916946655913488
Alhawas, S., Sabha, M., & Alhmiedat, T. (n.d.). The design and development of a smart fire-fighter robotic system. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7918/65a58da134f95b856c87ad82f9f1414673d6.pdf?_ga=2.178104229.1622551268.1571142700-110251486.1569932319
This paper provides a description of a prototype firefighting system to be used with human firefighters. The prototype utilizes Lego Mindstorms to provide data. The system uses sensors and wireless communication to present the safest path as well as various data points to make the human firefighters' jobs easier and safer. This is a research paper with citations that can be verified, which means that the paper can be verified and counted as credible. I will use this source as another example of how robots can help make dangerous situations safer for all parties involved.
Arntz, M., Gregory, T., & Zierahn, U. (2016). The risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: A comparative analysis. Retrieved from OECD website: https://futuroexponencial.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/OECD.pdf
This paper provides a different way to study the risk of computerization. Instead of using occupation-based studies, they used a task-based study. They say that an occupational approach can lead to an overestimate of job automatability. This source is published by an international organization with the purpose of improving already done research, this means that their findings are supported and it is a credible source. I will be using this source to aid in my argument to show that many of the refutations are overestimates. In addition, I will be using their paper to show that the automatability of jobs is not equal to the job losses.
Arumugam, R., Enti, V. R., Bingbing, L., Xiaojun, W., Baskaran, K., Kong, F. F., . . . Kit, G. W. (n.d.). DAvinCi: A Cloud Computing Framework for Service Robots. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bingbing_Liu4/publication/224155987_DAvinCi_A_Cloud_Computing_Framework_for_Service_Robots/links/5565809508aec4b0f4859e20.pdf
This research paper looks into the effect of service robots. The paper proposes a solution to a problem that arises when using service robots: communication. The paper claims that communication between robots in large environments is critical to successful task completion. The proposed solution is software, developed by the writers, which provides a cloud-based framework that each robot can be used to transfer information. The paper provides one group's solution to a problem that could help people which I believe adds to the credibility of the source. It is also a research paper with cited sources and references making it more credible. I will be able to use this paper to learn more about the capabilities of service robots, and how to optimize them to work best with each other.
Autor, D. H. (2015). Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. Retrieved from https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.29.3.3
This journal discusses why jobs still exist. The journal describes the interaction between what the robots do and what humans do. It discusses the skills required by workers and those that can be replicated by robots. The journal also briefly covers the fact the robots have existed for a long time, yet the need for human workers is still prevalent. This source is published by the American Economic Association whose purpose is to educate the public and encourage research. For this reason, the source is credible because there is no underlying bias towards any side. I will be using this source to help build my argument against the general argument that robots will still human jobs. I will also be using the sources that are referenced to build my library of refutation sources.
Becker, J. (2017, April 13). Why we don't trust robots. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-we-dont-trust-robots-75682
This article presents the rationale behind the distrust of robots. The article presents Masahiro Mori's theory behind the distrust. Essentially, we as humans, have a general distrust for things that act like us but are not us. The article also presents an experiment regarding the social interactions between humans and robots. The experiments cause the experimenters to conclude that while there is a general distrust, there is also a fascination for what they can do. The article is published by The Conversation which is a not-for-profit organization with the intent of educating the public by publishing academic works. For this reason, the article is credible. I will be using this source to help myself understand the distrust placed on robots, and why humans have a hard time trusting robots.
Bilton, N. (2013, May 20). As robots are developed to fill elderly-care gap, concerns are abundant. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved from Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints database.
This article presents concerns about entrusting robots to take care of the elderly. The article presents statistics that show the increasing amount of elderly and the decreasing amount of people to take care of them. The article mentions that the trust aspect is directly related to the appearance of the robot which claims that different tasks require different appearances to seem trustworthy. This article is published by the International Herald Tribune which is a branch of the New York Times, a widely respected news source. For this reason, as well as the fact that they have cited sources from a few different educational institutions, the article is credible. I will be using this source to learn more about what makes robots untrustworthy, and I will use it to build my counterargument.
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2016). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in the time of brilliant technologies.
This book which is written by two MIT professors describes how technology can take over the tasks of the simple, unskilled workers while the uniquely skilled workers are safe. The book discusses how in the past, the factory jobs have been eliminated while office jobs have replaced them, but now even office jobs are being eliminated by robots. The source is written by two distinguished MIT professors, with the intent to inform the public, which makes their book credible. I will be using this book to further my knowledge of how robots are taking today's jobs. I will also be finding more sources which cite this book to find more sources.
Cubber, G. D., Doroftei, D., Serrano, D., Chintamani, K., Sabino, R., & Ourevitch, S. (n.d.). The EU-ICARUS project: Developing assistive robotic tools for search and rescue operations. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Geert_De_Cubber/publication/258325098_The_EU-ICARUS_project_Developing_assistive_robotic_tools_for_search_and_rescue_operations/links/00463527cdad344ff9000000.pdf
This paper is a report on the ICARUS project. The report provides detailed descriptions of three main environments where unmanned SAR operations would take place, aerial, ground, and maritime. The report also provides descriptions of the types of robots that would be ideal in each situation. This is a research paper with citations that can be verified, which means that the paper can be verified and counted as credible. I will be using this source to learn more about what different scenarios need in terms of mechanics and how service robots can be integrated into current SAR operations.
Driewer, F., Baier, H., & Schilling, K. (n.d.). Robot/Human interfaces for rescue teams. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474667017321249
This paper presents research to support the need for robots to be used in search and rescue operations. The paper presents a survey given to first responders polling their interest in using teleoperated robots in their place. The paper presents the design and implementation of the software and hardware that needs to be used in order to create an intuitive and efficient system of robots and humans. The research paper has cited sources that can be verified and primary research making the source credible. I will be using this paper to further my knowledge of how the robots can be incorporated rather than replace humans. I can also use the paper to learn more about what real people who are put in harm's way, rather than researchers, think.
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. (2013, September). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation. Retrieved from Oxford Martin Programme on Technology and Employment website: https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/future-of-employment.pdf
This paper, published by the Oxford Martin School, presents findings of the susceptibility of 702 specific occupations to computerization. The paper explains and evaluates the risk of robots taking jobs. The paper predicts that 47 percent of the US workforce is at risk. Being a paper published by an educational institute, the main purpose of the paper is to educate. This, along with the verifiable sources that the paper cites, makes the source credible. I will be using this source as a counter-argument. I will read the paper to learn more about what the root cause of the risk is, and then formulate a response.
Habib, M. K., & Baudoin, Y. (2010). Robot-Assisted risky intervention, search, rescue and environmental surveillance. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.5772/7249
This research paper highlights the need for the use of service robots, and how they can benefit the people currently working in search and rescue, as well as other fields. The paper presents examples of situations where robots would help, such as "demining, search and rescue, surveillance, reconnaissance, risk assessment, evacuation assistance, intrusion/victim detection, and assessment, etc". In addition, the paper includes evidence about how robots can be used not only for the previously listed tasks but also as disaster prevention and early detection machines. This paper cites numerous sources that make it credible. The source provides an argument as to why we should be using robots in order to reduce the risk of human beings which could be seen as biased, however, the usage of refutations and evidence suggests that the source has reason to present their argument. As this paper is very similar to the one that I will eventually be writing, I will be able to use this paper as a source to learn more about the benefits of using robots, as well as the different applications. In addition, the paper provides a few refutations as well, which will help me build a stronger argument.
[Home page of the International Federation of Robotics]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 1, 2019, from International Federation Of Robotics website: https://ifr.org/
Rather than presenting research like a research paper or article, this site is more of a database of resources, like papers, statistics, definitions, and articles. The source seems to be credible as I have seen it cited in other sources that I have used. The International Federation of Robotics, or IFR, provides resources that I can use as a jumping point for my deeper dive. It will be helpful in my project to give me more background information about robotics in general. This site will help me make connections between the different sources that I collect.
Matthews, K. (n.d.). How Robots Are Saving Humans From Doing Dangerous Jobs [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.shadowrobot.com/blog/robots-saving-humans-from-dangerous-jobs/
This is an article showcasing some of the already built robots and descriptions of how they are already reducing the human risk of many dangerous tasks. With each example that they give, from herding cows to fighting fires, they make sure to explain that the robots would not completely replace the need for humans, only put the robot in harm's way rather than the human. This article comes from the developer of a few robotics products used to do just what the article describes. This could mean that the article could be biased in order to promote the need for their own product. I will be using this site in order to learn more about how robots are already being used, and how their role can be expanded in order to reduce the risk of more people. This site also references other projects and robots, so I can use this site as a starting point for my deeper dive.
Murphy, R. (2014). Disaster robotics.
This book is essentially written based on my essential question. The book starts off by stating five questions, all of which relate directly to disaster robotics, and the rationale behind them. The book is published by the MIT Press, and educational institution, which means that the motivation behind their publishings are to educate people, which makes the source credible. I will use this book to get a more comprehensive understanding of disaster robotics, and why we need them. Seeing as the is the book written on disaster robotics, which is also what my project is about, I find where the book is cited to find more sources that are closely related to my topic.
Oborn, E., Barrett, M., & Darzi, A. (n.d.). Robots and service innovation in health care. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eivor_Oborn/publication/45799681_Robots_and_service_innovation_in_health_care/links/5603c81d08ae596d25920129/Robots-and-service-innovation-in-health-care.pdf
This paper gives a description of how robots in healthcare interact with humans and the social relationships between robots and humans. The paper goes over how service robots use service logic to operate and interact with humans. The paper provides the opinion that service robots have to be developed with a strong emphasis on human-machine interaction. This is a research paper with citations that can be verified, which means that the paper can be verified and counted as credible. I will use this paper to learn about how service robots in healthcare interact with humans now, and how they need to be able to interact in the future.
Of Skiers, Snowboarders, and Other Terrorists. (2000, January 19). Sandia National Labratories. Retrieved from https://www.sandia.gov/media/NewsRel/NR2000/avalanch.htm
This article reports on an avalanche that happened in Albuquerque MN. During the avalanche, skiers and snowboarders were left stranded under the snow. The article explains how using humans to search for the trapped survivors is ineffective and how Sandia's software could be used with a swarm of robots to find the survivors up to four times faster. The fact that it is from 2000 means that the technology has been around for almost 20 years now and has not been incorporated into other rescue missions. Being an institution vetted and funded by the US government, this source is a credible one. This article will help me build a case for why service robots can be helpful in disaster situations and how they can make the situation more efficient and safer. This article helps support my notion that the robots that can be used to make dangerous situations safer and more efficient exist.
Rescue Robots 'Can Aid Safety, but Faster Use Is Key'. (2014, April 15). AllAfrica.com. Retrieved from Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints database.
This article presents the challenge of data processing. According to the article, robots can greatly improve the outcome of a dangerous situation, however, the operators need more training and need to be able to use the robots more efficiently. One of the concerns is that the robots collect so much data that the human operators cannot process it all in time to make decisions to save lives. Since this source comes from a source that I have never heard of and did seem to be a well-known source upon looking further into it, the article may be less credible than many of my other sources. I will still be using this source because it provides a logical argument against search and rescue robots, that I can address based on my previous research.
Robinette, P., Wagner, A. R., & Howard, A. M. (n.d.). The effect of robot performance on human-robot trust in time-critical situations. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/52899/Robinette%20Tech%20Report.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
This paper presents the results of an experiment conducted in order to analyze the trust placed on robots. The paper specifically analyzes the trust based on the first performance of the robot. The results we clear: better initial performance leads to greater trust. The source is from the Georgia Institute of Technology, which means that it is an academic paper with the intent of informing others. For this reason, there is no likely bias and therefore the source is credible. I will be using this source to better understand what makes a robot trustworthy. I think that this will help me understand the counter to my main argument that we should not trust robots.
Robotics Online Marketing Team. (2016, November 15). Dangerous Robot Jobs [Blog post]. Retrieved from Robotics Online Blog: https://www.robotics.org/blog-article.cfm/Dangerous-Robot-Jobs/15
This is a blog from an American trade company created to evaluate the safety standards for robots, as well as hold conferences about robotics. The blog describes a few possible ways that robots can be used in a few different fields in order to reduce the need to risk human injury. For example, it gives the Sandia Laboratory "robotic swarm" technology as "one of the most promising developments" in the field of disaster response. This comes from an association created in order to support the innovation and sharing of robotics, so it may be biased towards robots. I can use this source to inform myself of a few of the many possible ways that robotics can be used to make dangerous situations safer. The blog can be used as a starting point for some of my deeper research as it references other examples.
Schildt, S., Rottmann, S., & Wolf, L. (n.d.). Communication architecture, challenges and paradigms for robotic firefighters. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.642.7975&rep=rep1&type=pdf
This paper attempts to solve one of the current problems with robotic firefighters: communication. The proposed solution is a series of "dropboxes" which would allow for information to be shared with each individual robot. This is a research paper with citations that can be verified, which means that the paper can be verified and counted as credible. I will use this source to learn more about how robotics can be more effective in the exploration of dangerous environments.
7 Types of service robots. (2010). In Industrial Automation Market Research Report (p. 52+). Retrieved from Gale OneFile: Business database.
This article provides a breakdown of the types of service robots. It describes the uses of 7 types of service robots as well as the statistics that go with each type. The statistics include the projected growth of each type in the future. The article comes from the Gale database, which leads me to believe that the source is a credible one. It also helps that the give data to support their conclusions. I will use this source to learn about the different types of service robots so that I can research more in-depth on each one.
Siciliano, B., & Khatib, O. (2016). Springer handbook of robotics (2nd ed.).
This book provides a scientific background in the field of robotics. The book goes in-depth in the physics and mathematics of robots, as well as gives information about how the robots interact with their environment, as well as humans. The book is edited by two renowned scientists, and written by over 200 authors, with the intent of educating others. For this reason, the book is a credible source. I will be using this book to further my knowledge in the field, as well as find examples of service robots. I will also be using the book to see what other sources have cited the book to find even more sources that are closely related to my topic.
Stormont, D. P. (n.d.). Analyzing human trust of autonomous systems in hazardous environments. Retrieved from https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Workshops/2008/WS-08-05/WS08-05-006.pdf
This source presents a discussion of the term trust, and how it relates to autonomous robots. The paper discusses how the need for trust in dangerous scenarios is necessary. The paper also hints at the necessity of robotic assistance in the future. This is a research paper with citations that can be verified, which means that the paper can be verified and counted as credible. I will use this paper to learn more about what trust is when it comes to robots, and as a jumping point for my primary research as it presents their plans for future research.
United States Department of Defense. (n.d.). United states department of defense research in robotic unmanned systems for combat casualty care (G. R. Gilbert & M. K. Beebe, Authors). Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a526596.pdf
This source provides examples of robots currently being used to help with patient evacuation under enemy fire. The paper describes what the current robots can do, as well as what they should be able to do in the future. This paper, which is released by the US Department of defense, is credible as it has cited sources, and is released by the US government. I will be using this source to provide more examples of how service robots can be used to make hazardous situations safer, specifically in combat situations.
United States Navy. (n.d.). After action report to the joint program office: Center for the robotic assisted search and rescue (CRASAR) related efforts at the world trade center (M. R. Blackburn, H. R. Everett, & R. T. Laird, Authors). Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a495121.pdf
This source provides a discussion of the limitations of service robots at the time that the paper was published, which was soon after the events of 9/11/2001. The paper discusses how the robots at the time only showed the operator what was in the field of view of the robot so if there was something critical outside of that field of view, it would be missed. This report comes from the US government, which leads me to believe that it is a credible source. The authors list the references, so it can be verified as well. I will use this report in order to advance my knowledge of the needs of service robots, and how to make them better.
Using Robots Raises Safety Concerns. (2008). In S. Engdahl (Ed.), Contemporary Issues Companion: Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints database. (Reprinted from Trust Me, I'm a Robot, Economist, 19, 2006)
This article presents the concern that robots may hurt people. The first point the article makes is an example of a factory worker getting killed because of a robot. The article further describes a few other possible scenarios where robots can be harmful. The article is published by Greenhaven Press which is known to publish works to educate middle and high school students. For this reason, the source is credible as there is no reason for them to publish false facts. I will use this source to learn about how robots can be more harm than good, and I will try to find solutions to the problems presented.
U.S. Navy unveils robotic firefighter. (2015, February 12). CNN Wire. Retrieved from Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints database.
This article from CNN provides an example of a robotic firefighter to be used on navy ships. The article describes the reasons why fighting fires on ships are vastly different from fighting fires on land. On land, firefighters can give up trying to save the structure, instead of preventing any spread, while on a ship that is not an option. The article also describes why humanoid robots are much better suited for working on a ship due to the structure of the ship. This article is published by CNN which is a renowned news source that makes the source credible. After doing a google search of the article's title, I found many more articles that confirm the story. I will use this source to help argue why robots will make dangerous situations safer, as well as the importance of the design of the robot.
West, D. M. (2015, October). What happens if robots take the jobs? The impact of emerging technologies on employment and public policy. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/robotwork.pdf
This paper describes the effects of robots on the workforce. The projections for jobs in various industries are presented. The paper states that if the growth of robots is allowed to continue at this rate, the number of jobless people in the world will steadily increase. This paper is cited in 61 different sources. The paper also cites its own 72 sources. These two facts give the paper credibility. I will be using this source as a refutation source to show that autonomous robots will take jobs away from humans, however with my proposed solution, using teleoperated robots, there will still be a need for the robot controllers, and therefore require human workers.
Wichert, G. V., & Lawitzky, G. (n.d.). Man-Machine interaction for robot applications in everyday environments. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.13.121&rep=rep1&type=pdf
This paper presents the "role, importance, and implementation" of robots in different scenarios, specifically the navigation of cleaning robots, and household assistance. The paper goes in-depth into the interaction between man and machine. The paper describes different user interfaces to make the use and interaction much more intuitive. Coming from an automation company, they will be a credible source with a slight bias towards robots. I will be using this paper in order to explore the different tasks that robots can do in order to make our world more efficient. I will also be using this source to learn about the different ways that robots and humans interact.
Wilhelm, T., Bohme, H. J., & Gross, H. M. (n.d.). Sensor fusion for vision and sonar based people tracking on a mobile service robot. Retrieved from https://www.tu-ilmenau.de/fileadmin/media/neurob/publications/conferences_int/2002/Wilhelm-DynPerz-02.pdf
This research paper presents findings of how robots can use different systems in order to create their own virtual environments. The paper explains two types of sensors, vision-based and sonar. They summarize how each one works as well as how the two can be used in unison to create an accurate virtual environment. This paper comes from the Ilmenau Technical University and has properly cited sources that can be easily checked which shows that the source can be verified and then be counted as credible. I will use this article in order to increase my knowledge of tracking software like vision-based, and sonar-based.