The Philippines is a South-East Asian archipelagic country located along a typhoon belt and the so-called Ring of Fire. This vast Pacific Ocean region consists of 75% of the world's volcanoes while tracing multiple tectonic plates (Rosenberg, 2018). Due to its geographical location, the Philippines is most exposed and vulnerable to hydrometeorological hazards, fire hazards, and geological hazards; thus, the Philippines' corresponds to the highest score of 4 in terms of exposure level due to the physical exposure of the population, structures, and agricultural areas to disaster-prone areas being in near proximity and the economic exposure of the country to these hazards. The Philippines' total population is 109,035,343, and it can be stated that the Philippines has overcrowded cities, such as National Capital Region with 13,484,462. With the current pandemic occurring in the country, there would be a more significant likelihood of COVID-19 transmissions and exposure amongst individuals, especially with the overpopulation. Moreover, the country's overpopulation also affects the number of buildings and housing units. According to the census held in 2015, there were 24,220,000 households forecasted in the Philippines, and 22,420,000 of those were occupied. Massive urban sprawl has expanded the metropolis of Manila into the Greater Manila Area, now covering parts of the neighboring provinces as well. This expanded metropolitan area has a population of about 25 million (The Centre of Expertise on Asia, 2016). An estimated one-third of the inhabitants of Metro Manila reside in informal settlements, where inadequate housing and lack of infrastructure are often highlighted as the most prevalent issues (Morin et al., 2016). At the same time, approximately 57M people that live in rural areas of the country are exposed to volcanic, hydrometeorological, and geographical hazards due to them living in hazard-prone areas. Moreover, The Philippines has a massive amount of forest land. This includes 3,270,146 forest reserves. The total area forested in the Philippines amounted to 200,544 hectares, where 212 animal (fauna) wildlife species and 948 plants (flora) wildlife species are located. Agriculture is also thriving in the Philippines, with 13,476,200 hectares of crops cultivation, 4,356,900 metric tons of fish production, and 2,836,900 livestock and poultry production. When these resources are not protected and managed during disasters, it may disrupt this country's boost in production and employment, as the population is heavily dependent on these resources. Meanwhile, the vulnerability level of the country corresponds to a score of 3, indicating that it is highly susceptible to the impacts of the disasters due to the continuous threats of active volcanoes, strong typhoons, and plenty of active faults. Compared to other countries, the archipelago is more vulnerable to disasters, as poor community planning leads to many homes situated dangerously near active volcanoes, active faults, and big bodies of water with no fundamentally reliable structures due to poor economic status supporting that largely populated regions. In addition, 17.6 million Filipinos live below the poverty line. Their income is insufficient to meet their needs to live. With this, they are more vulnerable to natural disasters as any impact on their asset or consumption level threatens subsistence and long-term prospects. They have fewer resources to reduce risks or cope with the shock when it occurs. These conditions also lower the country's vulnerability since those in the poverty line do not have the resources to go to vaccinations sites for the biological hazard occurring in the country. Furthermore, the Philippines still consists of the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with comorbidities, which have significantly weaker immune systems and have a higher possibility of experiencing complications or severe symptoms upon catching the disease. In the physical aspect, due to growing informal urban settlements, the proliferation of substandard materials and poor construction is still observed in many areas. It increases the vulnerability to earthquakes and flooding and increases the probability of WASH-related diseases occurring due to lack of infrastructure, poor drainage systems, and sanitation (Morin et al., 2016). Many low-lying coastal and provincial communities are habitually exposed to flooding. Many housing units are often built with wood on pile foundations, covered by sheet metal and plastic, which are inadequate to withstand typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. The insufficiency of sturdy housing units would hinder the population from effectively coping with the disasters that may strike since a windy day may already cause harm to many people. Moreover, the Philippines has ranked 115 out of 180 countries in the 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index, highlighting the lack of efficient and transparent government action. The country's lack of investments in public health, low-come communities, and implementations of rehabilitations also lower the country's adaptive capacity. Despite the adequate funding (P115M) for public health services, the government has not yet implemented various programs, indicating that investments are still not maximized for the country's safety. This shows that as long as the government fails to address these root problems, our country would face high disaster risk, making it difficult to develop resilience to disasters that may take the lives of the people we love.
FAMOUS DISASTERS OF THE PHILIPPINES
'A man carries a child on his shoulders in a flooded street in Marikina City, Nov. 12, 2020'
BY: Jerome Ascano
'Eruption from Taal volcano yesterday'
BY: Migule De Guzman
'Marking a body'
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BY: Piyavit Thongsa-Ard
'TOTALLY DAMAGED. The Hyatt Terraces Plaza right beside a building that did not collapse.'
BY: PHIVOLCS
'So many died. Our village is gone, everything was buried in mud. All the people are gone.'
BY: RAYMOND D. PETERSEN III/U.S. NAVY
'Residents wait for rescuers at a building during flooding caused by Typhoon Ketsana in Cainta Rizal, east of Manila September 27, 2009.'
BY: Erik De Castro
'Philippines: Red Cross urges greater vigilance as COVID-19 cases fills hospitals'
BY: IFRC
With a total population of 2,960,048 based on the 2020 census, it is no doubt that this makes the area more vulnerable to rapid transmissions of the COVID-19 virus. Within the population, there are also around 375,000 senior citizens, who are also prone to severe symptoms of COVID-19 due to their weaker immune systems. In accordance with the city’s location, it is also said to be prone to typhoons, volcanic eruptions, and eearthquakes. Quezon City has high seismic hazard risk because of the West valley fault passing near the western parts of the city. There are several other faults that can produce large earthquakes, affecting the whole of Metro Manila. Quezon City is also prone to other hazards. It is vulnerable to typhoons that are frequently produced in the Pacific Ocean. Both the high wind and high-intensity rainfall cause damage. The city is also prone to widespread flooding during the rainy season due to an inadequate drainage system. In addition, the city experiences minor landslides in some locations and has some vulnerability to volcanic eruption from Taal volcano located about 60 kilometers to the South of Metro Manila.
Tuguegarao City is the Capital of the Province of Cagayan and the Regional Center of Cagayan Valley. Although the total population of the city is only 166,334 based on the census held last 2020, the city is named to have the highest population in its region with over 170 thousand registered citizens and around 1,200 persons per square-kilometer. Despite the lower population of the area as compared to other cities, its population density per square-kilometer is still somehow heavily saturated, which may cause a susceptibility to viral transmissions. Moreover, the city’s funds to assist hundreds of COVID patients are not enough, making the city more vulnerable to infections and diseases spreading. Aside from the biological hazards, Tuguegarao is said to be vulnerable during wet season because it is mapped as a flood prone area and a catch basin of the waters from the different tributaries in the mountains surrounding the region. The opening of the floodgates of the nearby Magat Dam is also seen as a cause of the massive flooding in the city. Although there are not many earthquakes occuring in the city, the city is exposed to an active volcano that may trigger the occurrence of seismic activities—Mount Cagua.
Lucena City is the capital of Quezon Province. It is classified as a highly urbanized city, and sustains a population of 274,924 as of the 2020 census. Although the city has a higher population rate than other provinces in Quezon, the recorded COVID-19 cases since the pandemic struck in 2020 is only 27,859 with 26,327 recoveries. This shows that Lucena may not be highly vulnerable to the viral infection. However, Lucena City is highly vulnerable to flooding as Lucena’s center is wedged between the Dumacaa River on the east and the Iyam River on the west. When heavy rains are experienced in the city, the rivers overflow and flood the city. The city is also prone to volcanic eruptions as Mount Banahaw is 43 km away from the city. Additionally it is also highly vulnerable to ground shaking and seismic movements due to the Central Philippine fault passing near the north-eastern parts of the city.
The Philippines written by Group 7 (DELA CRUZ, Shanelle Ellisse, PORNEL, Angelica Stacey, UY, Justine Nicole, WANG, Mikaela Joy)
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