An articulation disorder is a difference in the way that a student says a speech sound, which can interfere with how well a student is understood.

• ASHA Speech Sound Disorders: https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/Speech-Sound-Disorders/

A fluency disorder, also known as stuttering or cluttering, is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by atypical rate, rhythm, and repetitions in sounds, syllables, words, and phrases.

• ASHA Stuttering: https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/stuttering/

• The Stuttering Foundation: https://www.stutteringhelp.org/

• National Stuttering Association: http://www.nsastutter.org/

A voice disorder is when there is an abnormal production and/or absence of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or duration, which is inappropriate for an individual's age.

• ASHA Voice: https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/voice-disorders/ and https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/voice/

A language disorder is impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken and/or written. A language disorder may involve receptive (understanding), expressive (expressing), and/or pragmatic (social) language difficulties.

• ASHA Language Disorders

  • Written Language: https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/written-language-disorders/

  • Pragmatic/Social Language: https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/social-communication-disorder/

Augmentative/Alternative Communication (AAC) systems are used to help individuals with severe expressive and/or receptive language disorders. Augmentative/Alternative Communication may be required for individuals demonstrating impairments in gestural, spoken, and/or written modalities.

• ASHA AAC: https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/AAC/