Data
XMM-Newton Large program:
The core of the SUBWAYS project is the XMM-Newton Large program awarded in 2018 (1.46 Ms, PI: M. Brusa). The exposure time for each target (40-110 ks) is tailored to obtain a high enough quality spectrum in the 4-10 keV band to be able to detect at >99% confidence level UFO absorption features as weak as ~50 eV. All the data are now publicly available. The first results on the detection fraction of UFOs in the entire SUBWAYS sample have been published in Paper I.
HST coordinated Observations:
Coordinated observations with HST-COS spectrograph (27 Orbits; PI G. Kriss) were awarded in Cycle 27 to cover the wavelength range from 1125 AA to 2150 AA, and include all strong UV resonance lines in the sample: OVI+Ly beta, Ly alpha, N V, Si IV, and C IV. The COS spectra form an essential ingredient to explore the UV counterparts of X-ray winds and to characterize the spectral energy distribution, line luminosities, and any outflows during the current epoch of the X-ray observations. The results from the HST campaign were published in Paper II.
NuSTAR Coordinated observations:
Coordinated observations with NuSTAR were awarded in Cycle 5 for a total of 600 ks (PI: S. Bianchi) to obtain quasi-simultaneous hard X-ray data of all the SUBWAYS targets. The goals of the program are:
Accurate determination of the continuum underlying the absorption trough. This is fundamental to determine the significance of the outflow and its properties.
Measurement of a crucial part of the illuminating spectrum for photoionization modeling. The shape of the continuum above 7 keV is the essential ingredient to build self-consistent models to derive physical quantities of the outflow, in particular ξ and NH.
The analysis of the NuSTAR data is ongoing.
VLA follow-up:
A total of 45h of VLA in B configuration (L- and C-band) were awarded in 2020/21/23 to study in detail the radio emission of the whole SUBWAYS sample. In fact, accretion disc winds, radio jets, and star formation are all potential candidates for driving galactic outflows. The SUBWAYS sample offers a unique combination of multi-frequency data, luminosity, and redshift unexplored regimes to answer the following questions:
Which is the origin of radio emission in high luminosity/high radio-quiet Eddington QSO?
How are UFOs and radio outflows connected?
How is the radio emission connected to the multi-scale outflow?
The analysis of the VLA data is ongoing.
Noema/ALMA follow-up:
TBD