Mitali Mukerji is a Professor in the Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering at IIT Jodhpur, affiliated with the School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science (AIDE) and the Centre for Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Development. She earned her PhD in microbial molecular genetics from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, in 1997, under the supervision of Prof. S. Mahadevan.

Before joining IIT Jodhpur in 2021, she was Chief Scientist at the CSIR–Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, where she led the Genomics and Molecular Medicine group and CSIR's Ayurgenomics unit, TRISUTRA. Her work spans human genome structure and variation, functional genomics of Alu repeats, biomarker discovery for disease susceptibility, environmental adaptation, and the mapping of mutational histories, including extensive work on hereditary ataxias.

She pioneered Ayurgenomics — integrating Ayurveda's constitutional (Prakriti) framework with modern genomics for personalised and preventive medicine — alongside Dr. Bhavana Prasher, under the mentorship of Prof. Samir K. Brahmachari. She was also convenor of the Indian Genome Variation Consortium (IGVC), which produced the first comprehensive genetic landscape of Indian populations.

At IIT Jodhpur, she leads Thar DESIGNS, studying human adaptation and ecosystem phenomics in the Thar Desert, and the AYURTECH Centre of Excellence in Integrative Precision Health, building AI-enabled frameworks for early, actionable health interventions.