• Pieczenik G and Pieczenik SD. Electron tunneling in microtubules: A model explaining  both mendelian genetics and quantum computing memory Clin Obstet Gynecol Reprod Med, 2016 , Volume 2(4): 211-212. 
• Pieczenik G. The US patent system is broken. Reprod Biomed Online. 2013 May 30. doi:pii: S1472-6483(13)00295-2. 10.1016 
• Enciso M, Pieczenik G, Cohen J, Wells D. Development of a novel synthetic oligopeptide for the detection of DNA damage in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod. 2012 Aug;27(8):2254-66. doi: 10.1093/humrep/des201. Epub 2012 Jun 12. 
• Pieczenik G. Why do white horses eat more than black horses? 
• Biopolymers. 2008;90(3):240. doi: 10.1002/bip.20940. 
• Pieczenik G, Garrisi J, Cohen J. Inhibition of human spermatozoa-zona pellucida binding by a combinatorially derived peptide from a synthetic target. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006 , Sep;13(3):361-7. 
• Pieczenik G. A positive-selection function for microRNA: an adaptor hypothesis revisited.   Reprod Biomed Online. 2006 Mar;12(3):292-7. 
• Malter HE, Cohen J, Pieczenik G. Combinatorial peptide library binding of mammalian spermatozoa identifies a ligand (HIPRT) in the axin protein: putative identification of a sperm surface axin binding protein and intriguing developmental implications.   Reprod Biomed Online. 2005 Mar;10(3):355-62. 
• Sankoff D on Pieczenik G. "The Early Introduction of Dynamic Programming into Computational Biology" (2000) Bioinformatics Vol. 16, No. 1 p.41-47 
• Pieczenik G. "The theory of genotypic selection: predicting the direction of evolution as a consequence of G:U base pairing and the existence of non-pathogenic strains of HIV-1." Biochem Mol Biol Int, 32(5):879-87 1994. 
• M. Scolaro, R. Durham and G. Pieczenik (1991) "Potential Molecular Competitor for HIV". The Lancet, Vol. 337:731. 
• R. Nussinov and G. Pieczenik (1984) "Structural and Combinatorial Constraints on Base Pairing in Large Nucleotide Sequences" Journal Theoretical Biology. Vol. 106:261-273. 
• R. Nussinov and G. Pieczenik (1984) "Folding and Two Large Nucleotide Chains", Journal of Theoretical Biology. Vol. 106:245-59.. 
• R. Poretz and G. Pieczenik (1981) "Structural Analysis of Glycopeptides by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis". Analytical Biochemistry. Vol. 115:170-176. 
• G. Pieczenik (1980) "Predicting Coding Function from Nucleotide Sequence, or Survival of `Fitness' of tRNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. Vol. 77:3539-43. 
• G. Pieczenik (1980) "Multimers of a Suppressor Transfer RNA:Supporting Evidence for Alternate Conformations of the Anticodon Loop Region", Journal of Molecular Biology. Vol. 138: 879-884. 
• R. Nussinov, G. Pieczenik, J. Griggs and D. Kleitman (1978) "Algorithms for Loop Matchings" Journal of Applied Mathematics, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 35 1:  68-82. 
• F.H.C. Crick, S. Brenner, A. Klug and G. Pieczenik (1976 ) "A Speculation on the Origin of Protein Synthesis". Origin of Life. Vol. 7: 389-97. 
• G. Pieczenik, K. Horiuchi, P. Model, C. McGill, B. Mazur, G. Vovis, and N. Zinder. (1975)    "In mRNA Transcribed from the Strand Complementary to it in a DNA Duplex?" Nature, Vol. 253: 131-2. 
• G. Pieczenik, P. Model, and H. Robertson (1974) "Sequence and Symmetry in Ribosome Binding Sites of Bacteriophage f1 RNA". Journal of Molecular Biology. Vol. 90: 191-214. 
• G. Pieczenik, B.G. Barrell and M. Geftner (1972) "Bacteriophage phi-80 Induced Low Molecular Weight RNA". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Vol. 152: 152-165. 
• G. Pieczenik (1973) "The Genetic Code Constraints on Amino Acid and Nucleotide Sequences". 
• Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 1972. (Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Order No. 79-19, 955): 1-272. 
• G. Pieczenik et. al. (1969 ) "Molecular Biology at Spetsei", Nature Vol. 223, p.1186. 
• G. Pieczenik (1967) "A Study of the Radiation Sensitivity of the Forst Cell Cycle of the Lytechinus Variegatus Embryo". M.S. Dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. 
• G. Pieczenik (1965) " A Study into the Alkylation of Thiol Compounds by Nor HN 2". Senior Dissertation, Harvard University and Collaborative research, Cambridge, MA. 

• Pieczenik, G. The US patent system is broken. Reprod Biomed Online. 2013 May 30. doi:pii: S1472-6483(13)00295-2. 10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.05.012. 
• Enciso M, Pieczenik G, Cohen J, Wells D. Development of a novel synthetic oligopeptide for the detection of DNA damage in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod. 2012 Aug;27(8):2254-66. doi: 10.1093/humrep/des201. Epub 2012 Jun 12.PMID: 22693169 
• Pieczenik G. Why do white horses eat more than black horses? Biopolymers. 2008;90(3):240. doi: 10.1002/bip.20940. 
• Pieczenik, G., Continuation-in-Part "Method and means for sorting and identifying biological information", December 25th, 2001, Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, D.C. 20231 
• Pieczenik v. Dyax , Pro Se, Oral Argument, September 17, 2001, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 00-1519, Washington, D.C. 
• Pieczenik, G., "Method and means for sorting and identifying biological information", U.S. Patent 5,866,363, Feb. 2, 1999, General Information Services Division, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal Plaza 3 Room 2C02, Washington, D.C. 20231 
• Pieczenik, G., "Method and Means for Sorting and Identifying Biological Information; Verfahren Und Mittel Zur Sortierung Und Bestimmung Biologischer Informationen; Procede et Moyen de Triage et D'identification D'informations Biologiques" European Patent Specification EP 0 241 487 B1, April 22, 1998 (Original Publication Date- WO 87/01374(12.03.1987 Gazette 1987/06) European Patent Office 
• Pieczenik, G. "Procede et Moyen de Triage et D'identification D'informations Biologiques" European Patent Specification " April 22, 1998, French Patent Office Number 86905604, Institut National de la Propriete Industrielle, 26 bis, rue de St. Petersbour, F-7500 Paris, France. 
• Pieczenik, G."Verfahren Und M ittel Zur Sortierung Und Bestimmung Biologischer Informationen" April 22,1998, Austrian Patent Office Number E 165363, Osterrichisches Patentamt, Kohlmarkt 8-10, A-1014 Wien, Austria. 
• Pieczenik, G. "Procede et Moyen de Triage et D'identification D'informations Biologiques"April 22, 1998, Belgian Patent Office Number 0 241 467, Office de la Propriete Industriele aupres du Ministere des Affaires Economiques, Boulevard du Roi Albert II, B-1000 Bruxelles, Belgium. 
• Pieczenik, G."Verfahren Und M ittel Zur Sortierung Und Bestimmung Biologischer Informationen" April 22,1998, German Patent Office Number P 36 50 676.1-08, German Patent Office, Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt, D-80297, Munchen Germany. 
• Pieczenik, G." Method and Means for Sorting and Identifying Biological Information" April 22, 1998, British Patent Office Number 0 241 487,The Patent Office, London Branch Office, Harmsworth House, 13-15 Bouverie Street, London EC4Y 8DP, Great Britain. 
• Pieczenik, G." Procedimento e mezzi per selezionare e identificare informazioni biologiche",   April 22, 1998, Italian Patent Office Number 68471/BE/98, Ministero Industria, Commercio Artigianato, Ufficio Italiano Brevetti e Marchi, Via Molise 19, 1-00187 Roma, Italy. 
• Pieczenik, G."Procede et Moyen de Triage et D'identification D'informations Biologiques” April 22, 1998, Luxembourg Patent Office Number LU-86 905 804, Service de la Propriete Intellectuelle, L-2914 Luxembourg. 
• Pieczenik,G. "Werkwijze en middelen voor het sorteren en identificeren van biologishe informatie" April 22, 1998, Netherlands Patent Office Number 0 241 487 (NL), Netherlands Industrial Property Office, Postbus 5820, NL-2280 HV Rijswij, Netherlands. 
• Pieczenik, G. " Förfarande och medel för att sortera och identifiera biologisk information", April 22, 1998, Swedish Patent Office Number 0 241 487 (SE), Patent - Och registreringsverket, Box 5055, S-10242, Stockholm, Sweden. 
• Pieczenik, G."Procede et Moyen de Triage et D'identification D'informations Biologiques”, April 22, 1998, Swiss Patent Office Number 0 241 287, Eidgenossisches Institut fur Geistiges Eigentum, Einsteinstrasse 2, Ch-3003, Bern, Switzerland 
• Pieczenik, G., "Dental Paper Pick and Flosser", Filed Pro Se, United States Patent Number 5,560,379, October 1, 1996, General Information Services Division, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal Plaza 3 Room 2C02, Washington, D.C. 20231 
• Pieczenik, G. (1995) "Continuous Flow Thermal Cycler and DNA Computer Chip," Disclosure Document, Numbers 375,631; 375,641; 375,709 May 9, 1995 U.S. Patent Office, Washington D.C. 20231 and Rutgers Docket No. No.95-0313-1 Office of Corporate Liaison and Technology Transfer, Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J. 08854 
• Pieczenik, G. (1995) "Luminous Display Bacteriophage (Glow Phage)-First Conception of Recombinant GFP Expression," Disclosure Document, May 9, 1995, U.S. Patent Office, Washington D.C 20231 Rutgers Docket Number No.95-0508-1Office of Corporate Liaison and Technology Transfer, Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J. 08854 
• Pieczenik, G. (1995) "Dual Phage Libraries," Disclosure Document, May 9, 1995, Number 375629, U.S. Patent Office, Washington, D. C.20231 and Rutgers Docket Number No.95-0510 -1, Office of Corporate Liaison and Technology Transfer, Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J. 08854 
• Pieczenik, G. (1992) "Method and Means for Sorting and Identifying Biological Information (SIBI)," Patent Office, Commonwealth of Australia, Patent No.626252, Document No. AU-B-63380/86, July 30, 1992. Australian Patent Office 
• Pieczenik, G. (1985) "Method of Inserting Unique DNA Sequence into DNA Vectors" United States Patent Number 4, 528, 266, July 9, 1985, General Information Services Division, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal Plaza 3 Room 2C02, Washington, DC 20231 
• Pieczenik, G. (1983) "DNA Sequencing Method where Oligonucleotides are Stacked Rather than Fractionated in Linear and Cross-Linked Acrylamide-Sequencing Greater than 1000 nucleotides/gel" Disclosure Document 118,832 July 11, 1983U.S. Patent Office, Washington DC 20231 
• Pieczenik, G. (1983) "Combinatorial Libraries of Antigens Expressed on Phage Binding to Naive Libraries of Antibodies as a Method for Identifying Biological Information" Disclosure Document 118,831, July 11, 1983.U.S. Patent Office, Washington D.C 20231 
• Pieczenik, G. (1985) "Autonomously replicating DNA containing inserted DNA sequences" November 16, 1982, United States Patent Number 4, 359,535, November 16, 1982, General Information Services Division, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Crystal Plaza 3 Room 2C02, Washington, DC 20231 
• G. Pieczenik (1977) "Theory of Genotypic Selection". Congressional Record, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 95th Congress, No. 24: 323-340. 
• G. Pieczenik (1980) "Brief of Dr. George Pieczenik as Amicus Curiae". In the Supreme Court  of the United States, October term, 1979 No. 79-136: 1 -15. S.A. Diamond, Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks versus A.M. Chakrabarty. 
• G. Pieczenik (1974) "To Insure Continuity in Government". New York Times, August 11, 1974. 

[...]

While doing this research it became apparent that secondary structure stems disrupted only by bulges and other interior loops could be detected by the dynamic programming comparison of an RNA sequence with a reversed copy of itself, with negative costs for base pairing and positive costs for 2-loop formation. Trying to incorporate multiple loops into this methodology was somewhat trickier, and I devised an iterative algorithm which produced, on the first pass, only 0-branchings, namely stems alternating with 2-loops. On the second pass, it could add several such stems branching off a main stem, producing I -branchings, and so on. Eventually, any secondary structure could be found. I gave a talk on this at the Numerical Taxonomy meetings in Kansas in the fall of 1976 and had a summer student, Nguyen Bach Hue, implement it in a computer program. The method turned out to be very dependent on the crude energy estimates available at the time and produced rather bizarre structures, so at the end of the summer I put the project on the shelf. A year or two later I came across Michael Waterman's papers (Waterman, 1978; Waterman and Smith, 1978) on this topic, in which, following a query of Charles Delisi, the combinatorics of folding and the same type of iterative algorithm I had been experimenting with were already rigorously developed and indeed had been announced in a 1975 Los Alamos technical report.

During this time Mark Kac invited me to give a talk at Rockefeller University and I spoke about my approach to folding. George Pieczenik, a biochemist and former Rockefeller post-doc, was present and showed a great deal of interest in the subject. He had previously worked with Sydney Brenner at Cambridge on pattern recognition in sequences. I cannot recall the details of our discussion, but he may have been insisting on the possibility of a single-pass algorithm instead of the iterative approach. A year or so later the basic idea of a single-pass dynamic programming algorithm was published by Ruth Nussinov, Pieczenik, Jerrold Griggs and Daniel Kleitman (Nussinov et al., 1978). Nussinov was a graduate student working with Pieczenik; they had gotten in touch with Kleitman, and Mark Kac encouraged the resulting collaboration. I have since learned from Griggs, who was Kleitman's student, that experience with dynamic programming in another context, modeling shortest time turns of supersonic aircraft, led him to try it on the folding problem with multiple loops (Griggs, 1977). Certainly I had never thought of this solution, and did not think of it after my meeting Pieczenik. Nevertheless it is interesting that once again this interaction took place under the aegis of Mark Kac, and re-stimulated my interest in secondary structure (Sankoff et al., 1983; Zuker and Sankoff, 1984; Sankoff, 1985; Ferretti and Sankoff, 1989). Michael Zuker of the National Research Council of Canada wrote a very effective and widely disseminated program based on the Nussinov et al. principles (Zuker and Stiegler, 1981), later versions of which are still in use around the world.

[...]

Pages 331, 332, and 333 are available in PDF

[...]

INFORMATION OVERLOAD ON THE HORIZON

In the natural history tradition, collections have been created for a number of different reasons, but one of them has been particularly enduring: the reaction to a perceived “information overload.” In the sixteenth century, for example, the expansion of European travel led to the accumulation throughout the continent of previously unknown specimens and to the rise of natural history collections.13 Collections were a practical means to bring order to a burgeoning diversity of natural forms. They made possible the immediate comparison of widely different organisms for the purpose of identifying individual specimens, producing general knowledge about organisms, or even ultimately making sense of the Creator’s plan.14 Finally, collections were often created by patrons or nation-states as displays of power and wealth; early modern wonder cabinets and nineteenth-century natural history museums attest to this clearly.

• • • • Footnote 15:  On early modern collections see Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 1994).

The impetus for the creation of GenBank in 1982 was parallel to that for the founding of so many natural history collections. It was a reaction to a perceived “information overload,” augmented by a new recognition of the scientific promise of the knowledge such a database would contain and the potential for individual and institutional prestige that would accompany its development. In the preceding decade, a number of key scientific and technological developments had radically transformed the intellectual landscape in the field of DNA sequences. But before DNA sequences became the main focus of attention, protein sequences held center stage. In 1953, after several years of painstaking effort, the British biochemist Frederick Sanger, working at the University of Cambridge, had succeeded in determining the first sequence of a protein, insulin, an achievement for which he was awarded his first Nobel Prize five years later.16 In the following decade, the number of known protein sequences grew slowly—until the development of the automatic sequencer in 1967 enabled the number of known sequences to increase “explosively,” as scientists frequently observed. By the end of the decade, that number reached into the hundreds.

• • • • Footnote 17:   For one reference to the “explosive” growth of known sequences see M. O. Dayhoff to C. Berkley, 27 Feb. 1967, Archives of the National Biomedical Research Foundation, Georgetown, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as NBRF Archives). The archives, currently unsorted, are being processed at the National Library of Medicine; no further location information can be provided. For known protein sequences at the end of the decade see Margaret O. Dayhoff, Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Silver Spring, Md.: National Biomedical Research Foundation, 1969).

Sequencing long stretches of DNA, on the other hand, remained technically impossible until 1975.18 That year, Sanger devised a method that made DNA sequencing relatively easy; two years later, the American molecular biologists Allan M. Maxam and Walter Gilbert at Harvard devised a second such method (Sanger and Gilbert received the Nobel Prize for their sequencing methods in 1980).19 As a result, the number of known DNA sequences began to climb exponentially, leading to the feeling among molecular biologists that they would soon be overwhelmed by new DNA sequence data. In 1976 fewer than ten papers reporting nucleic acid sequences were published; in 1979 there were more than a hundred.20 The bulk of known sequences began to shift from proteins to DNA, and it seemed clear that the number of DNA sequences would continue to grow at an increasing rate. One contemporary observer was particularly struck by the exponential rise in sequence data: the historian of science Derek J. de Solla Price. His 1963 Little Science, Big Science built on the observation that scientific knowledge, as measured by the number of published papers, was growing exponentially. So when he read in Science that DNA sequences were accumulating at a rate of 15 percent per month—more than any of his earlier estimates— he explored the matter further with one of the sequence data collectors, who acknowledged that this rise was indeed “extraordinary in the history of science.”21

The significance of molecular sequences had also undergone a radical transformation in the 1970s. Originally, they were themselves considered objects of scientific interest, and their determination represented demonstrations of experimental virtuosity. However, as\ sequencing methods became increasingly automated, the sequences came to be considered highly prized pieces of data, used to draw new biological conclusions or new hypotheses that would then be explored experimentally.

The greatest excitement about DNA sequences focused on the structure and function of genes. Whereas the function of a protein was always known before its sequence was determined, the new methods for sequencing DNA produced vast amounts of data that at first seemed meaningless. However, if the sequence of a DNA fragment could be matched against another sequence—from another organism, for example—it could be inferred that the two sequences probably had similar functions, provided that they were of common evolutionary origin (homologous). The first result of such an approach, indicating that the DNA sequences of two virus proteins were similar, was published in 1978. Furthermore, comparisons between numerous sequences could show the presence of some common pattern, suggesting that it might have a functional role. The discovery in 1977 that genes were often composed of subunits (“introns” and “exons”) and surrounded by several functional elements, such as “TATA boxes,” also raised much interest in the analysis and comparison of large numbers of DNA sequences.

In short, a comprehensive database of DNA sequences seemed indispensable for making sense of the abundant new data that was being produced. As two molecular biologists would put it soon after, “the rate limiting step in the process of nucleic acid sequencing is now shifting from data acquisition towards the organization and analysis of that data.”

• • • • Footnote 23:  Thomas R. Gingeras and Richard J. Roberts, “Steps toward Computer Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences,”   Science, 1980, 209:1322–1328.

 These achievements and concerns converged in March 1979 in a crucial meeting at the Rockefeller University in New York City, which resulted in the first call from the scientific community for the creation of a centralized sequence database. This meeting was convened by the molecular biologists Carl W. Anderson, Robert Pollack, and Norton Zinder to “discuss ways to collect, verify and make available to the world wide scientific community nucleic acid sequence information.”24

• • • • Footnote 24:   Anderson to Dayhoff, 9 Jan. 1979, NBRF Archives. The meeting also had a more local agenda—namely, to assess the possibility of establishing a “centralized computer facility” to collect and analyze nucleic acid sequences at the Rockefeller University. See “Report to the National Science Foundation,” attached to Anderson to Lewis, 14 Nov. 1980, NBRF Archives; and Bruno J. Strasser interview with Norton Zinder, Rockefeller University, 10 Feb. 2006.

The organizers explained the necessity of such a gathering by pointing to the “rapidly increasing rate” of DNA sequences and the “wide range of biological questions that can be asked using a sequence data base."

• Footnote 25:   Anderson to Dayhoff, 9 Jan. 1979. The terms “data base,” “data bank,” and “data library” were often used interchangeably by the historical actors.

Attendees included representatives from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), the National Institutes of Health Division of Research Resources (DRR), and the National Science Foundation (NSF), which sponsored the meeting. Among the participants were more than thirty scientists with special expertise in the field of computers applied to the life sciences, in the management of biomedical databases, or in molecular biology.

• Footnote 26:   C. W. Anderson, “Report to the National Science Foundation,” 14 Nov. 1980, Appendix II, NBRF Archives. The participants were C. W. Anderson, H. Bilofsky, M. Billeter, F. Blattner, M. O. Dayhoff, G. Edelman, B. Erickson, R. J. Feldmann, W. Fitch, P. Freidland, T. Gingeras, J. S. Haemer, J. Hahn, C. Hutchinson, E. Kabat, L. Kedes, O. Kennard, L. Korn, J. Lederberg, C. Levinthal, H. Lewis, J. Maizel, A. M. Maxam, J. Milazzo, J. Pasta, G. Pieczenik, C. Queen, R. J. Roberts, T. Smith, R. Sommer, C. Squires, R. Staden, J. Vournakis, M. Waterman, and S. M. Weissman.

A review of some of the meeting participants indicates not only the fields represented but also the tools and resources then available to further the organizers’ aims. Among those with experience using computers in the life sciences, Joshua Lederberg, the Nobel Prize–winning molecular biologist who, as president of the Rockefeller University, opened the meeting, was best known for his discovery of bacterial sex. However, he had also vigorously promoted the use of computers and artificial intelligence in the biomedical sciences since the 1960s at Stanford, where he had founded the shared computer resource SUMEX-AIM. Another participant, the chemist and computer scientist Howard S. Bilofsky, from Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN), the company that had developed the ARPANET for the Department of Defense in 1969, was working for the PROPHET project, another shared computer resource for pharmacologists that BBN had established in 1973. Finally, the mathematician Michael S. Waterman and the physicist Temple F. Smith were developing algorithms to analyze sequence data at Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory.

• Footnote 27: On the PROPHET project see Paul A. Castleman et al., “The Implementation of the Prophet System, AFIPS Conference Proceedings, 1974, 43:457–468. Waterman and Smith’s most notable contribution would be an algorithm for local sequence alignment: Temple F. Smith and Michael Waterman, “Identification of Common Molecular Subsequences,” J. Molec. Biol., 1981, 147:195–197. For their collaborations prior to the Rockefeller meeting see Waterman, Smith, M. Singh, and W. A. Beyer, “Additive Evolutionary Trees,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1977, 64:199–213; and Waterman and Smith, “On the Similarity of Dendrograms,” ibid., 1978, 73:789–800. Regarding Waterman’s work more generally see Waterman, Skiing the Sun (2007), p. 13 (this is a pdf pamphlet available on Waterman’s homepage: www.cmb.usc.edu/people/msw/ [accessed 1 Mar. 2009]). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory was renamed Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in 1981. 28 C. W. Anderson, “Report to the National Science Foundation,” 14 Nov. 1980, NBRF Archives, pp. 2, 3.

In the field of database management, the physical chemist Margaret O. Dayhoff had been expanding a computerized collection of protein sequences (published as Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure) at the National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF) in Washington, D.C., since 1965, and the biochemist Elvin A. Kabat had assembled his own specialized collection of immunoglobulin sequences at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, collaborating with Bilofsky and using his computer system. The crystallographer Olga Kennard was maintaining the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center she had founded in 1965 to collect and distribute structural data on small organic molecules; and—though he was not directly involved—Carl W. Anderson, from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, was well aware of the progress of the Protein Data Bank hosted there, which had been collecting and distributing the atomic coordinates of protein structures since 1973. Molecular biologists in attendance included such luminaries as Walter Gilbert, Richard J. Roberts, and Sydney Brenner.

SIDNEY A. DIAMOND, COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS, Petitioner , v. ANANDA M. CHAKRABARTY, Respondent .

No. 79-136

OCTOBER TERM, 1979

January 29, 1980

BRIEF OF DR. GEORGE PIECZENIK AS AMICUS CURIAE

  LORANCE L. GREENLEE, KEIL AND WITHERSPOON, 1101 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D.C. 20036, Attorneys 

Aftershocks from the collapse of the Silverado Savings and Loan Association in Denver are shaking a Manhattan cooperative near Lincoln Center, where residents have become the reluctant partners of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

The failure of the Silverado [Savings and Loan Association in Denver], which until its demise in 1988 was one of the largest financial institutions in Colorado, put 141 of the 276 apartments in One Harkness Plaza, a 10-year-old building at 61 West 62d Street, in the hands of the Government. The apartments were among the assets seized by the F.D.I.C. when the bank went under.

Silverado is one of hundreds of savings and loan associations across the nation that have fallen apart in the last 18 months under the weight of bad loans and in some cases the free-spending ways of directors. But the involvement of Neil Bush, the President's son, who was on Silverado's board, and a Congressional investigation of the its former principals, has thrust Silverado into the spotlight. The House Banking Committee is looking into charges that Mr. Bush and other directors violated Federal conflict-of-interest rules by not disclosing their relationships with people to whom substantial loans were made.

Since Federal officials stepped in last year to liquidate the Government's assets in the 26-story Harkness Plaza building, there has been little peace there. The F.D.I.C.'s involvement has set neighbor against neighbor as two camps on the co-op board battle each other at meetings and in court. One side sees no reason to fight the Government's liquidation plan, which calls for a bulk sale of the seized apartments to an investor, and looks forward to having a strong partner buoying the building; the other, concerned with protecting the value of shareholders' investments, is trying to block what it calls the ''fire sale'' of the apartments at only 25 percent of their original value.

Caroll Roos, the account manager for the F.D.I.C. who is in charge of the Harkness Plaza assets, confirmed that a contract is now pending to sell most of the seized apartments to a real-estate investment company, but he refused to name the company or say what it has agreed to pay.

At the heart of the dispute between the two factions on the co-op board is the potential economic impact of the F.D.I.C. sale on shareholders. Original buyers, who bought at insider prices when the building was converted from a rental in 1986, paid $300 a share, or about $180,000 for a typical two-bedroom apartment.

If the F.D.I.C. deal goes through, say board members who oppose the sale, the buyer will get the apartments for about $74 a share, or approximately $45,000 for a two-bedroom unit. The investor could then sell apartments for much less than the prices insiders paid for their units.

Some board members contend that the Government's bulk sale will substantially hurt the value of the apartments owned by tenant-shareholders. They accuse the Government's representatives of ignoring the F.D.I.C.'s legal mandate to protect the shareholders' investments. Other Harkness board members, including its president, Neil Goldstein, believe that what is best for the co-op at this point is for the shares to move into private ownership as quickly as possible.

THAT Harkness Plaza residents are entangled in a mess involving a defaulted bank 1,800 miles from New York can be traced to the financial troubles of the sponsors of the conversion, Robert Postel and Phillip DiSanza. And the complicated case shows the creeping nature of the savings-and-loan crisis, as well as the extent to which the homeowners can be touched by it.

Silverado acquired its Harkness shares - about 47 percent of the total - not from foreclosing on a defaulted loan, which usually happens when a bank or savings and loan takes over, but in the settlement of a suit against it by Mr. Postel and Mr. DiSanza.

Like other converters, they thought their project would succeed when they bought the building in 1983. The building, only three years old at the time, is on West 62d Street, opposite the New York State Theater in Lincoln Center, one of the city's most desirable neighborhoods. It had a high turnover rate for its rental units, which the sponsors hoped would increase the number of apartments they could sell at higher ''outsider'' prices. And many tenants were professional people with high incomes.

The sponsors ran into trouble, Mr. Postel said, when the building's inside buyers demanded costly concessions that led to a cash crunch before the conversion closed in 1986.

Among the most expensive was a demand by buyers that the sponsors reduce the building's second mortgage, held by the Beverly Hills (Calif.) Savings & Loan Association, by $10 million, to about $1.8 million, to lower maintenance costs. In buying the building, Mr. Postel and Mr. DiSanza had assumed a $22 million first mortgage held by the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company.

Another costly condition, Mr. Postel said, was giving inside buyers the option of selling their apartment shares back to the sponsor within six months of the conversion for $360 each, $60 more than they paid. Mr. Postel said the 25 buyers who elected this option cost him and his partner $4 million.

''The bottom line was that we had to come up with in excess of $10 million more than we expected,'' Mr. Postel said. To cover the shortfall, he and Mr. DiSanza took a short-term $14 million loan from the American Savings Bank.

After 130 units were sold, mostly to tenants, sales slowed to a trickle, Mr. Postel said, partly as a result of a glut of new condominiums in the neighborhood.

''We were facing a serious crunch,'' Mr. Postel said, ''American Savings Bank held the shares on the unsold apartments as collateral and would be able to take them over in the case of a default.''

Mr. Postel and Mr. DiSanza approached Silverado for an $18 million loan to enable them to pay off American Savings Bank and to help defray their maintenance costs for unsold apartments, some of which were warehoused and had no tenants. Mr. Postel contends that, as part of the deal, Silverado required him and Mr. DiSanza to take over a mortgage Silverado held on a Denver housing complex known as Tara Woods. That additional mortgage obligation meant they had to increase the amount they borrowed from Silverado to $22.4 million.

They agreed, but the deal soured a few months after it was completed, and Mr. Postel and Mr. DiSanza sued Silverado, charging it had made the loan under fraudulent terms.

''Silverado had vastly overestimated the value of the property in Denver,'' said Mr. Postel, who was ill at the time and unable to inspect Tara Woods personally before the closing. ''They presented us with appraisals saying that it was worth at least $12 million. We found out that a $5 million value was closer to the mark.''

Silverado, in a complicated settlement approved by Judge Robert J. Ward of Federal District Court in Manhattan, agreed to relieve Mr. Postel and Mr. DiSanza of liability for the Tara Woods mortgage and the loan on the Harkness shares. In exchange, Silverado took control of the Harkness shares.

Less than a year later, Silverado went bankrupt, setting the stage for the turmoil on West 62d Street.

''AS far as I can see,'' said Owen McCormack, a resident and board member who is opposed to the F.D.I.C.'s bulk-sale plan, ''the sale is going forward with a total disregard for the shareholders' welfare. But what troubles me even more is that the F.D.I.C.'s representatives in this case have kept crucial information from shareholders.''

Mr. McCormack said, for example, that Eastdil Realty, the company hired by the Government as consultant on the management and sale of apartments, filed an amendment describing the sales plan with the New York State Attorney General's office in August 1989, but did not distribute them to the resident shareholders until February 1990. The Attorney General's rules require that all shareholders receive amendments as soon as they are filed.

Mr. McCormack said that the delay prevented resident shareholders from organizing a joint effort to buy and market the seized apartments themselves. He has filed complaints with the F.D.I.C. and the State Attorney General's office in an effort to halt the proceedings. Mr. McCormack has also sued the co-op corporation in New York State Supreme Court, challenging the right of three F.D.I.C. representatives on the board to vote the Government's shares.

George Pieczenik, another board member who opposes the bulk-sale plan, says he feels the F.D.I.C.'s handling of the Harkness shares violates its own rules.

''The rules require that our interests be considered in any liquidation process,'' Mr. Pieczenik said, referring to Section 212 (h) of the Financial Institutions Reform Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989, which requires the F.D.I.C. to consider any adverse economic impact of a liquidation on local communities. ''It seems to me that a fire sale of apartments is not in keeping with those rules.''

Both Mr. Pieczenik and Mr. McCormack said that if a bulk sale cannot be avoided, tenant-shareholders should be included in the bidding process.

Nancy Kramer, deputy director of the financial services bureau in the Attorney General's office, said the agency found no cause to stop the F.D.I.C.'s bulk sale of Harkness shares.

Neil Goldstein, the president of the Harkness board, said he is ''neutral'' about F.D.I.C.'s role. ''But I do believe,'' he said, ''that it is in the best interest of the co-op to have a responsible and legitimate real estate concern take over the shares so we can go to lenders next year when our mortgage comes due with a financially stable partner.''

Mr. Roos, who is handling the Harkness Plaza case for the F.D.I.C. and who now has a seat on the co-op board, defended his agency's strategy. He said that given the dramatic downturn in the residential real estate market in New York it would have been irresponsible to try to sell the units individually - as some shareholders would have liked - rather than as a package.

''The F.D.I.C. as a fiduciary has a mandate to preserve value of its collateral for the estate,'' he said, ''in this case Silverado Bank. But even though that responsibility does involve liquidations, we do have the impact in mind in every case.''

Even with the offer of a bulk sale of the apartments - some of which have Hudson River views - the F.D.I.C. had trouble attracting bids. Mr. Roos said that after sending marketing material to more than 100 potential investors, it received only two bids high enough for serious consideration.

Arthur Beckerman, a partner in Coronet Properties, a Manhattan real estate investment concern that reviewed and rejected the Harkness share offer, said he thought the $9.5 million asking price was too high, even though he acknowledged the value of the building's location and the fact that most units for sale are empty.

''WHEN you are looking for investments of this type there are many things to consider,'' he said, ''and the price is only one of them. There are all kinds of things that affect the value of unsold shares. There is the building's condition, any shortfalls between rents and maintenance and the building's overall financial situation.''

Mr. Beckerman said his company, which has been an active buyer of both occupied and vacant apartments recently, was especially concerned about the high maintenance charges on Harkness Plaza units, on average about $1,300 a month, and about the corporation's legal entanglements.

Mortgage payments account for about half of shareholders' maintenance payments.

Moreover, the cooperative is currently involved in litigation with the sponsors over unpaid rents on the building's commercial spaces. The co-op is also named as a co-defendant in a suit involving the sponsors' charges that Douglas Elliman, Gibbons & Ives, the real estate management and brokerage company in charge of the original sales campaign for the Harkness apartments, failed to meet its contractual obligations as the marketing agent for the building.

Mr. Goldstein, the president of the co-op board, is just one of many Harkness Plaza residents who hope that life there will soon return to normal.

''Nobody here is happy about what has happened over the past year,'' he said. ''But it looks like we are going to get through it. What matters now is that we get on with the business of making Harkness Plaza a good place to live and a good investment for the shareholders.''

• 1. W. French Anderson, Molecular Hematology Branch, NHLBI : "Current Status of Human Gene Therapy"
• 2. Steven A. Rosenberg, Surgery Branch, NCI : "Gene Therapy of Cancer"
• Presentations
• 1. Lars O. Kallings, Global Programme on AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva : "Co-factors for Progression to AIDS: Intracellular Pathogenic Mechanisms Offering Opportunities for Preventive and Therapeutic Interventions"
• 2. Britta Wahren, Department of Virology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm : "Sequence and Epitope Specificity of Mouse and Mouse-Human Chimeric Antibody and Immunotherapy Studies"
• 3. Stephen Oroszlan, Laboratory ofMolecular Virology and Carcinogenesis, NCI-FCRDC : "The Biochemistry of HIV Protease and Its Inhibitors as Antiviral Agents"
• 4. Stephen Petteway, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King ofPrussia : "HIV Protease Inhibition and Cytokine Synthesis Inhibition as Therapeutic Strategies for the Control of HIV Infection"
• 5. Zuzana Hostomska, Agouron Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla : "RNase H Domain of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase"
• 6. Sudhir Agrawal, Worcester Foundationfor Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury : "Antisence Oligonucleotides: Current Status Towards Developing Chemotherapy of AIDS"
• 7. Mary E. Klotman, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Antisense Oligonucleotides Directed Against the REV Protein Binding Site of the REV Responsive Element Block REV Activity and HIV Infection In Vitro"
• 8. Hsiao-Kuey Chang/Barbara Ensoli, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Inhibition of HIV-1 Regulatory Gene Expression (TAT and REV) by Antisense Expressing Plasmids in Human T Cell Line"
• 9. Julianna Lisziewicz, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Genetic Approaches to HIV Therapy: Development of 'Protective Genes' Containing Poly-TAR Elements"
• 10. Richard A. Morgan, Molecular Hematology Branch, NHLBI : "Gene Transfer as an Anti-HIV Therapy"
• 11. John J. Rossi, Department ofMolecular Genetics, Beckman Institute of the City ofHope, Duarte : "Anti-HIV-1 Ribozymes: Prospects and Problems"
• 12. Robert Yarchoan, Clinical Oncology Program, NCI : "Relationship Between the CD4 Count and Mortality in HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy Followed at a Research Hospital" 
• 13. Hiroaki Mitsuya, Clinical Oncology Program, NCI : "Quantitative Analysis of HIV-1 in Clinical Specimens from Patients (pt) with HIV-1 Infection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)"
• 14. K. Jagannadha SastrylRalph Arlinghaus, Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, Houston : "A New Strategy for Chemotherapy of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Membrane-permeable Dideoxy Uridine Monophosphate Analogues as Potent Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection"
• 15. Manfred Schubert, Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, NINDS : "Targeted Defective Interfering HIV Particles as an Antiviral Strategy"

• 1. James Merson, Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich, Kent : "HIV-1 Proteinase is Required for Synthesis of Proviral DNA"
• 2. Nava Sarver, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Division ofAIDS, NIAID : "Ribozymes: Present and Potential Future Direction in Biomédical Application"
• 3. JohnN. Weinstein, Laboratory ofMathematical Biology, NCI : "New Concepts for the Design and Analysis of Experiments on Combination Therapy of AIDS"
• 4. Sabih R. Khan, Health and Welfare Canada, Health Protection Branch, Ottawa : "Hypericin Cytotoxicity with Zidovudine, Dideoxyinosine and Ketoconazole Using a Human Lymphocyte Proliferation Assay"
• 5. Mario Clerici, Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI : "A Novel Surrogate Marker: T Helper (TH) Function in HIV+ Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy"
• 6. Takuma Shirasaka, Clinical Oncology Program, NCI : "HIV may Develop Resistance Preferentially to Azidothymidine (AZT) as Compared to Dideoxycytidine (ddC) and Dideoxyinosine (ddl) in Patients Receiving Antiviral Therapy"
• 7. Mark A. Wainberg, Jewish General Hospital, McGill AIDS Centre, McGill University, Montreal : "Characterization of Drug-resistant Strains of HIV-1 Selected Either In Vivo or In Vitro"
• 8. Cecilio Lopez-Galindez, Centro Nacional de Biología Celular y Retrovirus, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid : "Characterization of Genetic Variation and AZT Resistance Mutations of HIV by the RNase A Mismatch Method"
• 9. Joseph E. Fitzgibbon, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, Piscataway : "HIV-1 pol Gene Mutations Causing 2'3'-Dideoxycytidine (DDC) Resistance"

• 1. Flossie Wong-Staal, Departments ofMedicine and Biology, University of California/San Diego, La Jolla : "Cellular Proteins Involved in Tat/Rev Transactivation and Receptor Binding"
• 2. Marilyn Kozak, Department ofBiochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, Piscataway : "Structural Features in Eukaryotic mRNAs that Modulate Translation"
• 3. Luc Montagnier, Institut Pasteur, Paris : "How CD4 Lymphocytes Die in AIDS Patients"
• Presentations
• 1. George N. Pavlakis, ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI-FCRDC : "Regulation of the Stability, Transport, and Translation of RRE-containing HIV-1 mRNAs by REV"
• 2. Bryan Cullen, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham : "The Envelope V3 Loop Is the Primary Determinant of Cell Tropism in HIV-1"
• 3. Craig A. Rosen, Department ofMolecular Oncology and Virology, Roche Institute ofMolecular Biology, Nutley : "Regulation of HIV Gene Expression Through Cooperative Association Between Viral and Cellular Regulatory Factors"
• 4. B. Matija Peterlin, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco : "Transcriptional Regulation of HIV"
• 5. Gary J. Nabel, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University ofMichigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor : "Cellular Transcription and HIV Replication"
• 6. Mark Kessler!Michael B. Mathews, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor : "The Role of TAT in Transcriptional Initiation and Elongation"
• 7. Jean-Luc Darlix, Laboratoire Retrovirus, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon : "Analysis of the Reverse Transcription of HIV-1"
• 8. Franco Lori, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Viral DNA is Carried by HIV-1 Virions Associated with Reverse Transcriptase"

• 1. Giovanni B. Rossi, Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome : "In HIV-1-Infected Cell Clones the Replication of a Superinfecting HIV may be Blocked at the Retrotranscription Step"
• 2. Joseph D. Rosenblatt, Department ofMedicine, UCLA School ofMedicine, Los Angeles : "HTLV-II Rex Binding and Activity Requires an Intact Splice Donor Site and a Specific RNA Secondary Structure"
• 3. Ruth M. Ruprecht, Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston : "Unusual DNA Structures within an HIV-1 Proviral Clone: Structural and Functional Analysis"
• 4. Ernest Terwilliger, Division ofHuman Retrovirology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston : "Functions of the Vpr and Vpx Genes"
• 5. Andrew Dayton, Laboratory ofImmunoregulation, NIAID : "The Rev Axis of HIV-1 Autoregulation Can Contribute to Cell-type Specific Viral Tropism"
• 6. Peter Bressler, Laboratory ofImmunoregulation, NIAID : "Mutational Analysis of the NF-kB p50 Protein and Inhibition of NF-kB Activity by Transdominant Mutants"
• 7. Jay Rappaport, Department ofMedicine, University of California/San Diego, La Jolla : "HIV-1 Tat and TAR RNA-Binding Cellular Factors"
• 8. Cindy A. Bohan, Laboratory ofMolecular Virology, NCI : "HIV-1 TAT Protein Stimulates Transcription Preinitiation Complex Formation"
• 9. Barbara Ensoli, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Release-Uptake of HIV-1 TAT and Mechanisms of TAT-Induced Paracrine Biological Effects (TAT Domains and Pathways for Cell Growth and Transactivation Activity)"
• 10. Luigi Buonaguro, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "TAT, the Transactivator Gene of HIV-1, Activates the Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor ß (TNF ß)"
• 11. Mashiul Chowdhury, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia : "Regulation of the Human Neurotropic Virus Promoter, JCV, , by TAT Protein"
• 12. James C. Alwine, School ofMedicine, University ofPennsylvania, Philadelphia :  "Functional Analysis of the HIV LTR Using Linker Substitution Mutagenesis: Transcription" / "Functional Analysis of the HIV LTR Using Linker Substitution Mutagenesis: Polyadenylation"

• 1. Eric Verdín, Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, NINDS : "Several DNase 1 Hypersensitive Sites are Located in the Genome of Integrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1"
• 2. Takashi Okamoto, Virology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo : "Thiol Redox Control of the Enhancer Binding Protein of HIV-1"
• 3. Corrado Gurgo, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Molecular Pathogenicity of HIV-1 in the Absence of Envelope Protein Expression"
• 4. Pramita Chattetjee, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Diversity of HIV-2 Regulatory Gene Transcripts: Role in Latency and Pathogenesis"
• 5. Benjamin S. Weeks, Laboratory ofDevelopmental Biology, NIDR : "Identification of Recognition Sequences for Cell Attachment in the HIV-1 TAT Protein and a 90 kD Cell Surface TAT-binding Protein"

• 1. Marie-France Poupon, Biologie des Métastases, IRSC-CNRS, Villejuif : "Métastases and Drug-Resistance as Markers of Evolution of Cancer Cells"
• 2. Isaac P. Witz, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "The Involvement of Fc Receptors in Tumor Progression"
• 3. Stephen Baylin, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore : "Specifically Abnormal Regional Hypermethylation in Cancer Cells"
• 4. Michael Feldman, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot : "Cancer Metastasis: Immunotherapy via Gene Therapy"

• 1. Bijan Safai, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York : "Long-Term Survivors of AIDS-Associated Kaposi's Sarcoma"
• 2. A. Olufemi Williams, Fogarty International Center, NIH : "Kaposigenesis and a New Classification of Kaposi's Sarcoma"
• 3. Barbara Ensoli, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Role of Cytokines from Activated T Cells and HIV-1 Tat Protein in the Pathogenesis of AIDS-associated Kaposi's Sarcoma (AIDS-KS)"
• 4. Giovanni Barillari, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Inflammatory Cytokines Increase Mesenchymal Cell Growth and Attachment Induced by HIV-1 Tat Protein and Adhesion Molecules: Implications for AIDS-Kaposi's Sarcoma Pathogenesis"
• 5. Anthony L. DeVico, AdvancedBioScienceLaboratories, Inc., Kensington : "Purification and Partial Characterization of the 30 kD Factor that Supports the Growth of Kaposi's Sarcoma- Derived Cells"
• 6. Parkash Gill, University ofSouthern California School ofMedicine, Los Angeles : "Regulation of Angiogenic Factors in KS-Derived Spindle Cells"
• 7. Yanto Lunardi-Iskandar, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Cytokine and Hormone Receptors on AIDS-Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS)-Derived Cells"
• 8. Steven A. Miles, UCLA AIDS Center, UCLA School ofMedicine, Los Angeles : "Modulation of Interleukin-6 is Associated with Changes and Proliferation of Cultured AIDS-KS-Derived Cells"
• 9. David J. Looney, San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego : "Spindle-Like Cells Derived from the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Kaposi's Sarcoma"
• 10. Michael SturzllP. H. Hofschneider, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried : "Kaposi's Sarcoma Is Sustained by Paracrine and Autocrine Mechanisms of Growth Factor Action In Vivo"
• 11. Harry W. Haverkos, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville : "Nitrite Inhalant Abuse in AIDS-Related Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS)"
• 12. Alvin Friedman-Kien, New York University Medical Center, New York :  "Lack of TAT-1 Sequences in HIV-Negative Patients with Epidemic Kaposi's Sarcoma"

• 1. A. Olufemi Williams, Fogarty International Center, NIH : "Detection of HIV-1 DNA Sequences and Immunohistochemical Localization of HIV-1 Antigen in Africans and African-Americans with Kaposi's Sarcoma"
• 2. Brian J. Nickoloff, Department ofPathology, University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor : "CD-34 Antigen Expression in Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS)"
• 3. Adriana Albini, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova : "AIDS-Cell Induced Endothelial Cell Invasion: Studies on Mechanisms and Inhibition"

• 1. Kenneth M. Yamada, Laboratory ofDevelopmental Biology, NIDR : "Functions of Integrins in Cell Adhesion and Migration"
• 2. David R. Knighton, Department ofSurgery, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis : "Wound Healing Angiogenesis: The Role of Platelet Growth Factors in Wound Healing Angiogenesis"

• 1. Donald Ingber, Department ofSurgery, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston : "Control of Angiogenesis and Development of Inhibitors"
• 2. Hynda Kleinman, Laboratory ofDevelopmental Biology, NIDR : "Role of Basement Membrane in Angiogenesis"
• 3. Napoleone Ferrara, Genentech Incorporated, South San Francisco : "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor"
• 4. Cecilia M. Giachelli, Department ofPathology, University of Washington, Seattle : "-rr Genes: Markers of Smooth Muscle Differentiation and Proliferation"

• 1. Marcel Baluda, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, The Johnson Comprehensive Center, UCLA School ofMedicine, Los Angeles : "MYB Expression in Avian Hematopoietic Cells"
• 2. George F. Vande Woude, ABL-Basic Research Program, NC1-FCRDC : "Oncogenes, Cell Cycle, and Antineoplastic Drugs"
• 3. Takis S. Papas, Laboratory ofMolecular Oncology, NCI-FCRDC : "Oncogenes as Probes for Cellular Signal Processes: The Family of ETS Genes"
• 4. Fritz Anders, University dessen, dessen : "Oncogene Expression and PI Response Before and After the Onset of Xiphophorine Melanoma"

• 1. Edward Tabor, Biological Carcinogenesis Program, NCI : "Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)"
• 2. Daniel W. Bradley, Centers for Disease Control : "Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis: Toward the Discovery of Hepatitis C and E Viruses"
• Presentations
• 1. Chang Y. Wang, United Biomédical, Inc., Lake Success : "Immunogenic Peptides from Hepatitis C Virus Envelope and NS-1 Regions"
• 2. Girish J. Kotwal, J. N. Gamble Institute ofMedicine, Cincinnati : "Direct Evidence for Potential Sexual Transmission of HCV"

• 1. Dharam V. Ablashi, Laboratory ofCellular and Molecular Biology, NCI : "Characterization of HHV-6 Isolates and Reactivation of HHV-6 in Some Diseases" / "Review of Posters 1-3"
• 2. Janos Luka, University ofNebraska Medical Center, Omaha : "Detection of Novel Herpesviruses"
• 3. Gary R. Pearson, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. : "Seroepidemiological Investigations on Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Infections Using a Newly Developed Early Antigen Assay"
• 4. Donald R. Carrigan, Department ofPathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee : "Human Herpesvirus Six and Bone Marrow Transplantation"
• 5. ZwiN. Berneman, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "An Independent Isolate of Human Herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)" / "Molecular Studies of Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Human Herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)" 
• 6. Philip E. Pellet, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta : "Genomic and Genetic Architecture of Human Herpesvirus 6"
• 7. Robert P. Ricciardi, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia : "Cloning and Expression of Human Herpes Virus-6 Early Genes"
• 8. N. Bala Chañaran, Departments of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City : "Proteins of Human Herpesvirus-6"
• 9. Peter G. Medveczky, Department ofMedical Microbiology, University ofSouth Florida, Tampa : "Unique Herpesvirus Saimiri Genes and Transformation"
• 10. Leonard Rosenthal, Department ofMicrobiology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. : "Mtrll of HCMV is a 79aa ORF"
• 11. Jose Menezes, Laboratory ofImmunovirology, University ofMontreal, Montreal : "Modulatory Effect of Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) on Cytokine Synthesis"
• 12. Paolo Lusso, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "HHV-6 as a Potential Cofactor in AIDS: Transcriptional Regulation of CD3, CD4, CD25 and the HIV-1 LTR by Different Viral Isolates"
• 13. Paul Levine, Viral Epidemiology Section, Environmental Epidemiology Branch, NCI : "The Epidemiology of Human Herpesvirus-6"

• 1. Hamida B. Qavi, Division ofMolecular Virology, Baylor College ofMedicine, Houston : "Frequency of Occurrence of HIV-1 and HHV-6 in Corneal and Retinal Tissue in AIDS (Patients)"
• 2. Luca Ceccherini-Nelli, Department ofBiomedicine, University ofPisa, Pisa : "In Vivo Study of the Interaction of HHV6 (Human Herpesvirus-6) with HIV-1"
• 3. Paolo Cornaglia-Ferraris, Pédiatrie Oncology Research Laboratory, G. Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa : "Lack of CD4 Gene Expression in Human Neuroblasts Infected with HHV-6"
• 4. Alfredo Garzino Demo, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Studies on a Possible HHV-6 Transactivator: Effect of HHV-6 Infection on Viral and Cellular Promoters"
• 5. Mario Corbellino, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "No Evidence for HHV-6 Latency in Human Monocytes and T Cell Lines"
• 6. Mauro S. Malnati, Laboratory ofImmunogenetics, NIAID : "Specific Killing of HHV-6 Infected Cells by CD3 CD56+ Natural Killer Lymphocytes"
• 7. Susan E. DeRocco, Advanced BioScience Laboratories Inc., Kensington : "In Vitro Inhibition of HHV-6 by Antiviral Agents"

• 1. Martin Delaney, Project Inform, Sausalito : "Getting to 'So What?' of Laboratory Science: A Unique Challenge of the AIDS Epidemic"
• 2. Father Eligió, Mondo X, Milan : "AIDS: A Mystery Preparing to the World Millennium"
• 3. Paul Olivier Hantzberg, Psychothérapeute, Psychanalyste, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris : "Psychosocial Aspects of the Clinical Management of HIV-Infected IV Drug Users"
• 4. Yves Charpak, Eval, Paris : "Health Problems of Drug Addicts in a French Province: Still an Unknown and Untold Problem for All Their Daily Usual Interlocutors"

• 1. Alexandra Levine, University ofSouthern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles : "HIV-Related Lymphoma: Mechanisms of Lymphomagenesis"
• 2. James M. Pluda, Clinical Oncology Program, NCI : "Factors Predictive of Opportunistic Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) in Severely Immunocompromised HIV-Infected Patients on Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy"
• 3. Riccardo Dalla-Favera, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York : "Molecular Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Lymphomas"
• 4. Susan Zolla-Pazner, New York University Medical Center, New York : "B Cells from HIV-Infected Individuals are Functionally Normal but Subject to Profound Abnormal Immunoregulation"
• 5. Donald Mosier, Medical Biology Institute, La Jolla : "EBV-Induced Human B Cell Lymphomas in the hu-PBL-SCID Model"
• 6. Richard F. Ambinder, Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore : "EBV and AIDS Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma"
• 7. Ruth Jarrett, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden : "Viral Involvement in Hodgkin's Disease"
• 8. Richard J. Ford, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston : "Isolation and Characterization of a Type D Retrovirus from an AIDS Patient"

• 1. Herbert C. Morse III, Laboratory ofImmunopathology, NIAID : "Chronic Activation of T Helper Cells in MAIDS: Relation to the Development of B Cell Lineage Lymphomas"
• 2. Peter Biberfeld, Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm : "EBV-Associated Lymphomagenesis in SIV-Immunosuppressed Monkeys"
• 3. Sandra Colombini, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection Precedes the Onset of Lymphoma in Immunodeficient, SIV-Positive Cynomolgus Monkeys"

• 1. Gail E. Sonenshein, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School ofMedicine, Boston : "Transactivation of the Murine c-myc Gene by HTLV-I tax Gene"
• 2. Vilhelm Bohr, Laboratory ofMolecular Pharmacology, NCI : "Gene-Specific Damage and Repair"
• 3. Edward J. Beecham, Laboratory of Genetics, NCI : "DNA Repair in the c-myc Locus in B-lymphocytes"
• 4. Emily Shacter, Laboratory of Genetics, NCI :"Elevation of IL-6 in Plasma Cell Tumorigenesis"
• 5. Cecil Fox, Department ofSurgery, Yale University School ofMedicine, New Haven : "Lymphoid Germinal Centers are Reservoirs for Large Amounts of Protein-cloaked HIV"

• 1. Ronald Desrosiers, New England Regional Primate Center, Southborough : "SIV Neutralization Determinants, Genetic Variation and Persistence"
• 2. Michael Murphey-Corb, Tulane Regional Primate Research Center, Covington :  "Compliance of a Whole Killed SIV Vaccine with a "Checklist" for a "Working" Vaccine for AIDS"
• 3. Patricia N. Fultz, Department ofMicrobiology, University ofAlabama at Birmingham : "Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV: Inhibition and Effect of Immunotherapy"
• 4. Gunnel Biberfeld, Department ofImmunology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm : "Protection Against HIV-2 and SIVsm Infection in Passively Immunized Cynomolgus Monkeys"
• 5. Raoul Benveniste, Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis, NCI-FCRDC : "Recombinant Vaccines Protect Macaques Against Homologous SIV or Type D Retrovirus Infection"
• 6. Murray B. Gardner/Paul Luciw, Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis : "Vaccine Protection Against Simian and Feline Immunodeficiency Viruses"
• 7. Avigdor Shafferman, Israel Institute ofBiological Research, Ness-Ziona : "Protection of Macaques with a Vaccine of SIV Envelope Peptides"
• 8. John F. Warner, ¡mmunobiology Department, Viagene, Inc., San Diego : "Analysis of Cellular Immunity to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Induced by Retroviral Mediated Gene Transfer"
• 9. Ruey S. Liou, TanoxBiosystems, Inc., Houston : "Mouse/Human Chimeric Anti-V3 Domain Antibody: Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability in Cynomolgus Monkeys"

• 1. Guido van der Groen, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp : "Immunological and Molecular Characterization of Immunodeficiency Virus Isolates from Wild CapturedChimpanzees"
• 2. Opendra Narayan, Department ofNeurology, The Johns Hopkins University School ofMedicine, Baltimore : "Determinants of Neurovirulence of Macaque Lentiviruses"
• 3. Arsène Burny, Faculty ofAgronomy, University ofBrussels, Brussels : "The Interaction Between Bovine Leukemia Virus and Its Target Cell"
• 4. Matthew Gonda, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Structure, NCI-FCRDC : "Bovine Immunodeficiency-like Virus (BIV): Characterization of Virus Gene Expression In Vitro and Infections in Rabbits"
• 5. Ronald C. Montelaro, Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh : "Cytopathic Properties of Lentivirus Envelope Glycoproteins"
• 6. Marnix Bosch, Laboratory ofImmunobiology, National Institute ofPublic Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven : "Isolation and Partial Characterization of Full Length Molecular Clones of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Directly from the DNA of Bone Marrow Cells from a Naturally Infected Cat"

• 1. Reinhard Kurth, Paul Ehrlich-Institute, Frankfurt : "Comparative Evaluation of Pathogenetic Mechanisms of HIV and SIVagm"
• 2. Genoveffa Franchini, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Infectivity of HIV-2 Mutants in Rhesus Macaques" /  "Review of Posters 5-8"
• 3. Alash'le G. Abimiku, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Rhesus Macaques Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-2 (HIV-2) Mutants"
• 4. Bruce K. Johnson, Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, NINDS : "Long-Term Observation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Inoculated Chimpanzees and Lower Primates"
• 5. Oliviero E. Varnier, Laboratory ofHuman Retrovirology, Institute ofMicrobiology, Genova : "The Rabbit Minimal Infectious Dose by I.V. Injection of HIV-1-Infected Cells"
• 6. Thomas J. Kindt, Laboratory ofImmunogenetics, NIAID : "Infection of Laboratory Rabbits with HIV-1 and HTLV-I"
• 7. Majid MehtalilMarie-Paule Kieny, TRANSGENE, Strasbourg : "HIV-1 TAT and REV-Related Pathologies in Transgenic Mice"
• 8. Thomas J. Santoro, Laboratory ofDevelopmental Biology, NIDR : "AIDS-like Cachexia Syndrome in Transgenic Mice Bearing Non-replicating HIV-1 Proviral DNA"
• 9. Mark L. Bonyhadi, SyStemix, Inc., Palo Alto : "Effects of HIV Infection in Human Fetal Thymus in the SCID-hu Mouse"

• 1. MichaelS. Wyand, TSI Mason Laboratories, Worcester : "The Antiviral Effect of AZT in Rhesus Monkeys Infected with Uncloned SIVmac251"
• 2. Yvonne J. Rosenberg, Henry M. Jackson Foundation Research Laboratory, Rockville : "Decline in the CD4+ and CD4/CD8 Ratios in Blood of SIV-infected Monkeys Is Not Accompanied byConcomitant Decreases within the CD4+ Pool Present in Lymph Nodes and Spleen"
• 3. Isabelle Callebaut, Faculty ofAgronomy, University of Brussels : "Molecular Dissection of the Bovine Leukemia Virus External Envelope Glycoprotein Using Synthetic Peptides"
• 4. Keith Rushlow, University of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine, Pittsburgh : "Genetic Organization and Functional Analysis of the Gene Products of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV)"
• 5. Flavio Lillo, Laboratory ofHuman Retrovirology, Institute ofMicrobiology, Genova : "PCR Detection of HIV-1 Sequences in Peripheral Blood of Infected Rabbits"
• 6. Salvo Reina, Laboratory ofHuman Retrovirology, Institute ofMicrobiology, Genova : "Are Alternations of the Lymphatic Organs Associated with HIV-1 Infection in Rabbit?"
• 7. Jeffery B. Kopp, Laboratory ofDevelopmental Biology, NIDR : "Nephropathy in HIV-Transgenic Mice"
• 8. Linda Rabin, SyStemix, Inc., Palo Alto : "Infectivity of Lab-Adapted Versus Primary Isolates of HIV in the SCID-hu Mouse"

• 1. Celia C. LaBranchelJames A. Hoxie, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia : "Changes in the Envelope Glycoproteins are Associated with Infectivity of SIV and Down-modulation of CD4"
• 2. Timothy K. Hart, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King ofPrussia : "Soluble CD4 (sCD4) Induces Virion Aggregation and Proteolytic Cleavage of gpl20 in a Highly Infectious Variant of SI V-BK28"
• 3. Jonathan S. Allan, Southwest Foundation for Biomédical Research, San Antonio : "Soluble CD4 Enhancement of SIVagm Infection Is a Consequence of Receptor-Mediated Activation"
• 4. Per J. Klasse, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London : "Extent and Rate of Inactivation of Clonal and Heterogeneous HIV-1 by Soluble CD4 and CD4 Immunoadhesion"
• 5. John Moore, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London : "Virions from Primary HIV-1 Isolates Resistant to sCD4 Neutralization Have Reduced sCD4 Affinity but Retain gpl20 after sCD4 Binding"
• 6. David B. Weiner, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia : "CD4 Cell Infection by HIV-1: Examination Through Immunological Reagents"
• 7. Lee E. Eiden, Laboratory ofCell Biology, NIMH : "Role of the CDR3-like Domain of CD4 in HIV-1 Infection and Cytopathogenesis"
• 8. Raymond Sweet, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia : "Molecular Detailing of the gpl20 Binding Site on CD4"
• 9. Michael A. Norcross, Laboratory ofMolecular Immunology, CBER, FDA, Bethesda : "Characterization of HI V-Induced Autoantibodies to Cryptic Epitopes on CD4" / "Dextran Sulfate Blocks Antibody Binding to the Principal Neutralizing Domain of HIV-1 without Interfering with gpl20-CD4 Interactions"
• 10. Jason SmytheIJonathan M. Gershoni, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv : "Linear Polymers of CD4 as Polyvalent Molecular Decoys for HIV gp!20 Binding"

• 1. Michael Sela, Department of Chemical Immunology, The Weizmann Institute ofScience, Rehovot : "Cell Epitopes: Synthetic Antigens and Multiple Sclerosis"
• 2. Ronald Germain, Laboratory ofImmunology, NIAID : "Antigen Processing and Presentation"
• 3. Ellis Reinherz, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston : "TCell Receptor: A 1991 Perspective"
• 4. Lawrence E. Samelson, Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, NICHD : "Biochemical Aspects of T Cell Activation"
• 5. Abner L. Notkins, Intramural Research Program, NIDR : "Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Clonal Analysis of the B Cell Repertoire"
• 6. Sidney Pestka, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-UMDNJ, Piscalaway : "The Interferon Receptors"
• 7. Ira Pastan, Laboratory ofMolecular Biology, NCI : "Oncotoxins"

• 1. David A. Hafler, Department ofNeurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston : "HTLV-I Induced Spontaneous T Cell Clonal Proliferation is Rapamycin Sensitive"
• 2. David 1. Cohen, Laboratory ofImmunoregulation, NIAID : "Effects of HIV-Envelope Protein Expression on T Cell Activation"
• 3. Brynmor A. Watkins, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "The Generation of Combinatorial Human Anti-HIV-1 Antibody Libraries"
• 4. Narendra Chirmule, Department ofPediatrics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset : "HIV-gpl20 Inhibits B Cell Function"
• 5. Karen Willard-Gallo, International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels : "HIV-1 Regulation of T Cell Receptor Expression"
• 6. Anita Aggarwal, Laboratory ofTumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Entamoeba Histolytica and Giardia Lamblia: Human Parasites as Potential Carriers of HIV-1"
• 7. RolfNeth, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg :  "Radioprotection of Hematopoietic and Stromal Precursors of Polysaccharide Fractions Isolated from the Cupressaceae Thuja Occidentale L. (TPSG)"

• 1. Sven H. Gohla, Department of Clinical Chemistry, II Medical Clinic, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg : "Activation of Cytokine-production and Induction of CFU-formation and CD4/IL-2 Positive T-lymphocytes by High-molecular Polysaccharide Fractions Isolated from the Cuppressaceae 'Thuja Occidentalis L. (TPSg)' "
• 2. Kunihiro OhashilJun Minowada, Fujisaki Cell Center and Fujisaki Institute, Okayama : "Antiviral Effect of Maltose-stabilized IFN-a (MS-IFN-a) on HIV-1 Replication and the Immunoregulatory Function of MS-IFN-a"
• 3. Patrick K. Lai, Tampa Bay Research Institute, St. Petersburg : "A Novel Cytokine (HIF) that Inhibits HIV"

• 1. Anthony S. Fauci, Director, NIAID : "Pharmacologie Regulation of HIV Expression"
• 2. John Coffin, Departments ofMolecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston : "Genetic Variation in Retroviruses"
• 3. Jean-Claude Chermann, Unite de Recherches INSERM, Marseille : "Immunopathogenesis of AIDS and Associated Diseases Involves HIV Variants and Target Cell Interactions"
• 4. Myron Essex, Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School ofPublic Health, Boston : "Immunopathogenesis of HTLVs"
• 5. William Haseltine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston : "New Perspectives on Replication and Pathogenesis of HIV-1"

• 1. Leonard A. Herzenberg, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School ofMedicine, Stanford : "Glutathione Depletion in AIDS: Stimulation of HIV Expression"
• 2. Dean Mann, Laboratory ofImmunogenetics, NCI-FCRDC : "HLA Genes/Gene Products Influence Rate of Disease Progression and Outcome in HIV-1 Infection"
• 3. Gene M. Shearer, Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI : "Does TH1-TH2 Cross-regulation Play a Role in Immune Protection and Susceptibility to AIDS?"
• 4. Nelson L. Michael, Department ofRetroviral Research, Walter Reed Army Institute ofResearch, Rockville : "The Relationship Between Viral DNA and mRNA Expression Define Intervals of HIV-1 Disease Progression in Humans"
• 5. Cecilia Graziosi, Laboratory ofImmunoregulation, NIAID : "Heavy Viral Burden in the Lymphoid Organs of HIV Infected Patients in the Early Stages of Disease"
• 6. Shizuko Aoki-Sei, Clinical Oncology Program, NCI : "Quantitative Analysis of HIV-1 DNA and RNA in Various Tissues from Patients with AIDS or ARC by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)"
• 7. Alberto AmadorilLuigi Chieco-Bianchi, Institute of Oncology, Padova : "Down-regulation of CD4 Expression in PBL from AIDS Patients"
• 8. Joseph D. Mosca, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, and Division ofRetrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville : "HIV can Modulate CD8 Cell Surface Expression"
• 9. Paolo Lusso, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "A Human CD4+ B-cell Line Susceptible to a Purely Macrophage-tropic HIV-1 Isolate (HIV-lBaL<J: Lack of Cytopathic Effect, CD4 Down-regulation and Receptor Interference"
• 10. Helga Rubsamen-Waigmann, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt : "Secretory Repertoire of HIV-infected Monocytes/Macrophages and Effect of Cytokines on HIV Infection of These Cells"

• 1. Tun-Hou Lee, Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School ofPublic Health, Boston : "Non-random Distribution of gpl20 N-linked Glycosylation Sites for HIV-1 Infectivity"
• 2. Sharilyn K. Stanley, Laboratory ofImmunoregulation, NIAID : "CD34+ Bone Marrow Cells are Infected with HIV in a Subset of Seropositive Individuals"
• 3. Mary E. Klotman, Laboratory ofTumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Acute HIV-1 Infection of Primary Lymphocytes as well as CD4+ Cell Lines is Associated with Increased Expression of Specific Integrins Involved in Binding to Fibronectin"
• 4. Giuseppe Puntaleo, Laboratory ofImmunoregulation, NIAID : "HIV Mediated Syncytia Formation is an LFA-1-Dependent but ICAM-l/ICAM-2-Independent Phenomenon"
• 5. Hana Golding, Division ofVirology, CBER : "LFA-1 Adhesion Molecule is Involved in HIV-1 Env-Mediated Syncytia Formation but not in Early Stages of Cell Fusion"
• 6. Alexander J. Kulberg, Gamaleya Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow : "Serum Anti-immunoglobulins with Affinity to HIV-1 Proteins Exhibit Trypsin-like Enzymatic Activity and May Operate as Mediators in Tissue Damages Associated with HIV Infection"
• 7. Fernando Aiuti, Depurtment ofAllergy and Clinical Immunology, University ofRome, Rome : "GP120 and Lymphocytes. Possible Mechanisms of Immunosuppression and Resistance"
• 8. Manfred P. Dierich, Institut fur Hygiene, Innsbruck : "HIV-1 Triggers the Classical Pathway of Complement by Direct Cl Binding Through Specific Sites in GP41"
• 9. Howard E. Gendelman, Department of Cellular Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. : "The Role of Interferon in the Persistence and Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Viral (HIV) Disease"
• 10. Guido Poli, Laboratory ofImmunoregulation, NIAID :  "Differential Roles of Interferons as Modulators of HIV Expression in Chronically Infected Cells"
• 11. George Pieczenik, Mt. Sinai Hospitul, New York : "Potential New HIV Treatment Modality: Competitive Nonpathogeneic HIV Variants. The Theory of GenotypicSelection and Molecular Competition"

• 1. Indira K. Hewlett, Division of Transfusion Science, FDA, Bethesda : "Induction of HIV-1 from Chronically Infected Promonocytic Cells by Chemical Carcinogens"
• 2. Miriam MurgalithlMartin S. Hirsch, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston : "HIV-CMV Interactions in Chronically Infected Human Osteosarcoma Cells"
• 3. Terence J. BoylelH. Kim Lyerly, Department ofSurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham : "pH Independent HIV-1 Entry into Macrophage"
• 4. Lionel Resnick, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beuch : "HIV-Induced Syncytium Formation Requires the Formation of Conjugates Between Cells"
• 5. Birgittu Asjo, Department of Virology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm : "Jurkat-TAT Cells: A Unique Cell System for Long Term Propagation of Poorly Replicating HIV Isolates In Vitro"
• 6. Eva Maria Fenyo, Department of Virology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm : "Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies to Sequential Virus Isolates in the HIV-1-Infected Individual"
• 7. Fiorenzu Cocchi, Laboratory ofTumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Biological Clones from a Cell Line Chronically Infected with a Purely Macrophage-tropic HIV-1 Isolate (HIV-lBaM))"

• 1. Pumelu E. Rodgers-Johnson, Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, NINDS : "Neurologic and Systemic Manifestations of HTLV-I Infection"
• 2. Gustavo C. Roman, Neuroepidemiology Branch, NINDS : "HTLV-I-associated Tropical Spastic Paraparesis in South America: New Cases from Ecuador, Brazil, and Paraguay"
• 3. Herve Perron, Department of Virology, C.H.R.U., Grenoble : "Retrovirus Isolation from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Epiphenomenon or Causative Factor?"
• 4. Guy de-The, Epidemiology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pusteur, Paris : "Genomic Variability According to Geography More Than Pathology"
• 5. Antoine Gessuin, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Molecular Epidemiology of HTLV-I in the World: Identification of Novel HTLV-I Variants in Africa and Melanesia"
• 6. Enzo Boeri, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Genetic Analyses of HTLV-I in Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (TSP) and Nonspastic Paraparesis (NSP) in Zaire"
• 7. Dianne M. Rausch, Laboratory ofCell Biology, NIMH : "SIVSMMB670 Infection of Rhesus Macaques Causes Cognitive and Motor Deficits Reminiscent of CNS Dysfunction in Human AIDS"
• 8. Daniel R. Lucey, Military Medical Consortium for Applied Retroviral Research, Rockville : "Antibody in Spinal Fluid Against the V3 Loop and Other HIV-1 Envelope Regions"
• 9. K. BankilJ. Maceda/E. HurleylD. MattsonlL. SzegedylA. Perl, Department ofMolecular Medicine and Immunology, RPMl : "Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-Related Endogenous Sequence, HRES-1, Encodes A 28 kD Protein: A Possible Autoantigen for HTLV-I Gag-Reactive Autoantibodies"

• 1. John Brady, Laboratory ofMolecular Virology, NCI : "Extracellular TAXI Protein Stimulation of Immunoglobulin Kappa Light Chain (IgK) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-ß (TNF-ß) Genes in Lymphoid Cells"
• 2. Thomas A. Waldmann, Metubolism Brunch, NCI : "The Multisubunit IL-2 Receptor: A Target for Immunotherapy in Patients with HTLV-I Associated Leukemia/ Lymphoma"

• 1. Michael I. Nerenberg, Scripps Clinic und Research Foundation, Lu Jollu : "HTLV-1 Tax Mediated Activation of Cellular Genes Occurs in a Tissue Specific Multistep Process"
• 2. Zwi N. Berneman, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "HTLV-I mRNA is Expressed and Alternatively Spliced in Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL) and in Healthy Carriers"
• 3. Burbaru K. Felber, Human Retrovirus Puthogenesis Group, ABL-Busic Reseurch Program, NCI-FCRDC : "Genome Organization and Regulation of Expression of HTLV-1 by REX"
• 4. Igor Korulnik, Laboratory ofTumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Alternative Splicing Enables the Processing of mRNAs for the HTLV-I Open Reading Frames I and II" / "STLVs and HTLVs Genetic Relationships" : 
• 5. Susun J. Marriott, Laboratory ofMolecular Virology, NCI : "Extracellular HTLV-I TAX, Activates Expression of the Interleukin-2 Receptor in Primary Human Lymphocytes"
• 6. Ronald B. Gartenhaus, Luborutory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "In Vitro Effects of Soluble Recombinant TAX Protein"
• 7. Yunto Lunurdi-Iskundur, Luborutory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Abnormal In Vitro Proliferation and Differentiation of T-Cell Colony-Forming Cells (T-CFC) in Patients with Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM)"
• 8. Chettemgere N. Venkuteshun, Laboratory ofCNS Studies, NINDS : "Monocyte Macrophage Abnormalities in HTLV-I Infection"
• 9. Robin MukhopadhyuyulM. Rezu Sadaie, Cancer Research Institute, Tatet Memorial Center, Bombay and Laboratory ofTumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Production of IL-6 and TNF-a by HTLV-I Transformed Cell Lines Do Not Discriminate Between TSP/HAM and ATL Isolates"
• 10. Carlos A. Mom, Laboratory ofCNS Studies, NINDS : "In Vitro Detection of Cytokines in Mononuclear Cell Cultures from Patients Affected with HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy and Polymyositis"
• 11. Steven Jacobson, Neuroimmunology Branch, NINDS : "Demonstration of HTLV-I-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with HTLV-I Associated Neurological Disease"
• 12. Bruce Walker, Infectious Diseuses Unit, Mussuchusetts Generul Hospital, Boston : "Frequent Detection of HIV-1 -Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) of Persons with AIDS Dementia Complex"
• 13. Volker Erfle, GSFAbt. MoleculureZellputhologie, Neuherberg :  "Evidence for Negative Regulation of HIV Expression in Human Astrocytes Persistently Infected with HIV-1"
• 14. J. Paul Taylor, Department ofBiochemistry und Moleculur Biology, Thomus Jefferson University, Philadelphia : "A Novel Regulatory Circuit for HIV-1 in Cells Derived from the CNS"
• 15. Henrietta Kuluga, Neuropsychiatry Branch, NIMH : "HIV-1 Infection of the Central Nervous System: Characterization Using a Human Cortical Neuronal Cell Line"

• 1. William Blattner, Virul Epidemiology Section, Environmentul Epidemiology Branch, NCI : "Human Retroviruses in Cancer and Epidemiologie Prospective"
• 2. Henry Masur, Criticul Cure Medicine Depurtment, NIH : "New Advances in the Management of AIDS-Associated Opportunistic Infections"

• 1. James J. Goedert, Viral Epidemiology Section, Environmentul Epidemiology Brunch, NCI : "The International Registry of HIV-Exposed Twins: A First Report"
• 2. Fruncís Plummer, Depurtment ofClinicul Microbiology, University ofManitobu, Winnipeg : "The University of Nairobi Perinatal Transmission and Pédiatrie AIDS Study: The Effect of Maternal HIV-1 Infection on Child Health"
• 3. Savita Pahwa, Department ofPediatrics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhusset : "Perinatal HIV Infection: Diagnosis in Infancy and Immune-Based Assays for Monitoring Infected Children"
• 4. Antonio V. Sison, Depurtment ofOBIGYN, Georgetown Hospitul, Washington, D.C. : "Virological and Immunological Factors in Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission"
• 5. Steven M. Wolinsky, Depurtment ofMedicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago : "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1) Sequence Variation Between Mother-Infant Transmission Pairs"
• 6. Robert J. Biggar, Virul Epidemiology Section, Environmentul Epidemiology Brunch, NCI : "HTLV-II is a New World Virus"
• 7. StunleyH. Weiss, UMDNJ-NJ Medicul School, Piscutaway und New Jersey Department ofHealth, Trenton : "Analysis of Mortality and Seroconversion Over the First 7 Years: The New Jersey Cohort Study of IVDU"
• 8. Hidehiro Takahashi, Depurtment of Infectious Diseuse and Immunology, North Shore University Hospital, Manhusset : "Multiple Isolates and Characteristics of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus, Type II (HTLV-II)"
• 9. Umberto Bertuzzoni, Institute ofInfectious Diseuses, Pavia : "Genomic Structure of Two HTLV-II Isolates from Italian IVDUs"
• 10. Massimo Galli, Clinic ofInfectious Diseases, University ofMilun, Milun : "Continuing Intravenous Drug Injection and Disease Progression in HIV-1-Positive Subjects"

• 1. Phyllis Kunki, Depurtment ofCuncer Biology, Hurvurd School of Public Heulth, Boston : "Direct Measurement of Incidence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Female Prostitutes in Senegal"
• 2. Helga Rubsamen-Wuigmunn, Georg-Speyer-Huus, Frankfurt : "HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections Among Urban High Risk Groups in India"
• 3. Adrien G. Suimot, Luborutoire de Virologie, Hopitul Bichut-Cluude Bernurd, Paris : "A 5 Years Follow-up Study in Paris (1986-1990) of 67 HIV-2 Infected Adults"
• 4. Mauro Moroni, Clinic ofInfectious Diseases, University ofMilan, Milan : "Main Clinical and Pathological Findings in a Series of 560 AIDS Cases"
• 5. Alberto Sarucco, Clinic ofInfectious Diseases, Milan : "Longitudinal Study of 303 Women Steady Partners of HIV-Infected Men"
• 6. Andrei Kozlov, Bruce Ruppuport Biomedicul Center, Leningrud : "Epidemiology of HIV Infection in Leningrad: Possible Early Entry of HIV"
• 7. Willium W. Hull, Division ofInfectious Diseuses und Immunology, North Shore University Hospitul, Munhusset : "Deleted HTLV-I Provirus in Peripheral Blood and Cutaneous Lesions of Patients with Mycosisfungoides"
• 8. Churles S. Rabkin, Viral Epidemiology Section, Environmental Epidemiology Branch, NCI : "Human Papillomavirus, HIV, and Cervical Dysplasia"
• 9. Sten H. Vermund, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College ofMedicine, Bronx : "HPV and Cervix Disease Highest with Advanced HIV"

• 1. Luigi Tagliuferro, Luborutoire Dr. Pusquale Pignatelli, Lecce : "Diagnostic Significance of HTLV Immunoreactivity in Healthy Population of Southern Apulia (Italy)"
• 2. Margaret M. Madeline, Viral Epidemiology Section, Environmentul Epidemiology Brunch, NCI : "Worldwide Distribution of HTLV-I Immunoblot Reactivity"
• 3. Enok Tjottu, National Institute ofPublic Health, Oslo : "A Method for Determination of Activity of HIV Particles"
• 4. William F. Mehaffey, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago : "Detection of HIV Plasma Viremia Using a Specific Viral Capture Assay"
• 5. Arthur Levin, Clinical Research Center, Harrow : "A Population Based Survey of HIV-1 Antibody in 4437 Subjects in Northwest Tanzania"
• 6. Joseph Yourno, New York State Department ofHealth, Albany : "Direct PCR of Bloodspot Punches to Detect HIV"

• 1. Robert R. Redfield, Depurtment of Retroviral Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. : "HIV Vaccine Therapy: Concepts and Current Status" / "Vaccine Therapy Using rgpl60 in Early HIV Infection"
• 2. Hans Wigzell, Depurtment ofImmunology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm : "One or Many HIV Vaccines?"
• 3. Gordon L. Ada, School ofHygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore : "The Design and Testing of HIV Prophylactic Vaccines"
• 4. Albert Sabin, retired, Washington, D.C. :  "An Old Virologist's Perspective on Vaccination Against AIDS"

• 1. Jose Esparzu, Vuccine Development Unit, World Heulth Orgunizution, Geneva : "Developing the Vaccines Which Will Be Required for the Global Control of HIV Infection and AIDS"
• 2. Kent J. Weinhold, Department ofSurgery, Duke University Medicul Center, Durhum : "Comparison of Cellular Antiviral Cytotoxicities Present in HIV-1-Infected Humans and Chimpanzees"
• 3. Anders Vuhlne, Depurtment of Clinicul Virology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg : "Immunizations of Primates with Synthetic Peptides Disclose Novel Conserved Areas on Glycoprotein 120 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Associated with Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies and T-cell Recognition"
• 4. Kuthy S. Steimer, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville : "Immunization of Primates with Native, Recombinant HIV-SF2 gpl20 Generates Broadly Effective Neutralizing Antibodies Directed to Conformational Epitopes"
• 5. Allan L. Goldstein, Depurtment of Biochemistry und Molecular Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. : "Progress in the Development of a P-17 Based HIV Vaccine: Safety and Potential Efficacy of the HGP-30 Synthetic Peptide Vaccine in Humans"
• 6. Paul H. Naylor, Depurtment ofBiochemistry und Molecular Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. : "Presence of Specific Antibodies to Synthetic Epitopes of HIV-1 GAG P17 Correlates with Stages of HIV Infection in Homosexuals and IV Drug Abusers"

• 1. Jörg W. Eichberg, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Philadelphiu : "In Vivo Evidence Points to the Importance of Neutralizing and Anti-PND Antibodies in Protection from Infection with HIV-1"
• 2. David J. Looney, Sun Diego VA Medicul Center, Sun Diego : "Type-Specific and Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity of V3-Peptide-Octomer Antisera"
• 3. DavidC. Montefiori, Vanderbilt University Medicul School, Nashville : "Complement-Mediated, Infection-Enhancing Antibodies in HIV and SIV Infection and Vaccine Trials"
• 4. Bror Morein, Depurtment of Virology, Nutionul Veterinury Institute, Uppsulu : "Induction of Immune Response with Immunostimulating Complex (ISCOM)"
• 5. John L. Spouge, Nutionul Library ofMedicine, NIH : "VACMAN: A Practical Computer Program for Analyzing Viral Infectivity Assays and Vaccine Trials"
• 6. Scott P. Layne, Los Alamos Nutionul Luborutory, Los Alamos : "Relationships Between Envelope Shedding, Cell Density and Humoral Blocking Activity"

• 1. Jerald Sudoff, Walter Reed Army Institute ofReseurch, Washington, D.C. : "Live Oral Recombinant Salmonella Carrier Vaccines"
• 2. Anitu Aggurwul, Luborutory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "HIV-2 Recombinant Vaccines Induce CD8+ Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Rodents and Primates"
• 3. Enzo Puoletti, Virogenetics Corporution, Troy : "Nonreplicating Viral Vectors as Recombinant Vaccines"
• 4. Sully Adums, British Bio-technology Ltd., Oxford : "Hybrid HIV-1 GAG:V3 Loop Particles"
• 5. Annu Aldovini, Whitehead Institute for Biomedicul Research, Cambridge : "Development of an AIDS Vaccine Candidate: Recombinant BCG Vaccine Vehicles Induce Humoral and Cell-mediated Immune Responses to HIV Antigens"
• 6. RonuldC. Kennedy, Depurtment of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomédical Reseurch, San Antonio : "Anti-idiotypes and the Humoral Immune Response to Selected HIV-1 gpl60 Epitopes"
• 7. Sunil ChudulStephen Chung, Immunobiology Depurtment, Viugene Inc., Sun Diego : "Lysis of HIV 3B- and MN-Infected Human Targets by Murine Anti-HIV CTL"
• 8. MurkJ. Newman, Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester : "Saponin Adjuvant Enhancement of Antigen-Specific, Proliferative and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses to an Experimental Recombinant Subunit HIV-lmB Envelope Vaccine"
• 9. Adolfo Turuno, Institute ofMicrobiology, University ofBrescia, Brescia : "Immunogenicity and Antigenicity of Peptides of HIV-1 Expressed at the Surface of Recombinant Bacteria"
• 10. Basil Golding, Luborutory of Cell Biology, Division ofHemutology, USFDA, Bethesdu : "Brucella abortus is Capable of Stimulating Human T Cells from Noninfected and HIV-1-Infected Individuals to Secrete Interferon-gamma"

• 1. Jay Berzofsky, Metabolism Branch, NCI : "Promiscuous HIV-1 Helper T-Cell Peptides for Murine and Human MHC Molecules"
• 2. R. Paul Johnson, Infectious Diseuse Unit, Mussuchusetts Generul Hospitul und Hurvurd Medicul School, Boston : "Effects of Gag and Envelope Sequence Variation on Epitope Recognition of HIV-1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Clones"
• 3. Murjorie Robert-Guroff, Luborutory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Cross-neutralization of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV Isolates"
• 4. Peter L. Nara, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI-FCRDC : "Binding of V3-Specific MAbs Does Not Always Correlate with Neutralization: Implications to Humoral Vaccine Design"
• 5. Scott D. Putney, Repligen Corporation, Cumbridge : "The Principal Neutralization Determinant of SIV is Different than HIV-1"
• 6. Seth H. Pincus, NIAID Rocky Mountuin Luborutories, Hamilton : "Humoral Immune Response to Homologous Envelope Peptides in Lab Workers Infected with HIV"
• 7. Jaap Goudsmit, Human Retrovirus Laboratory, University ofAmsterdam, Amsterdam : "Characterization of Type-Specific Antibody Responses to the V2 Neutralization Domain of SIVMAC25, During Serial SIVMAC25| and SIVDATA670 In Vivo Passage"
• 8. Claudine Brück, SmithKline Beecham Biologiculs, Rixensart : "Mapping of Neutralizing Antibodies on the SIV ENV Glycoprotein"
• 9. Ranajit Pul, AdvuncedBioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington : "Heterogeneity in the Oligosaccharide Structure of the Envelope Glycoprotein (gpl20) of HIV-1"
• 10. Angus G. Dalgleish, Clinicul Research Center, Royal London Hospitul, London : "Modelling of gpl20 Reveals an Alpha Helix Structure with MHC Class II Homology Containing a Known Alloepitope: Mechanism of Graft Versus Host Immune Response in HIV Infection"
• 11. Jonas Blomberg, Department ofMedical Microbiology, University ofLund, Lund : "Differentiation of HIV-1 Antibody Reactivity Patterns in Africa and Sweden with Peptide Chimaeras: Implications for Vaccine Design"
• 12. Fulvia diMurzo Veronese, Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington : "A Single Mutation in the V3 Loop of HIV-1II1B Abolishes Recognition of gpl20 and Inhibition of Syncytium Formation by a Monoclonal Antibody"

• 1. Murnix Bosch, Laboratory ofImmunobiology, Nutionul Institute ofPublic Heulth und Environmentul Protection, Bilthoven : "Localization of Determinants on the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins that Determine Cytopathicity"
• 2. Scott D. Putney, Repligen Corporution, Cambridge : "Mutations in the Principal Neutralization Determinant of HIV-1 Affect Syncytia Formation, Virus Infectivity, Growth Kinetics and Neutralization"
• 3. Deborah L. BirxIRobert R. Redfield, Depurtment ofRetrovirul Research, Walter Reed Army Institute ofResearch, Rockville : "Restricted V3 Reactivity Associated with Clinical HIV Stage"
• 4. Putriciu M. Wutson, AIDS Vaccine Program, PRIIDynCorp, NCI-FCRDC :  "Murine Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing HIV-1 gag Products"

• 1. Marvin S. Reitz, Luborutory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Characterization of Macrophage-Compétent Biologically Active Molecular Clones of HIV-1"
• 2. Prem Reddy, The Wistur Institute, Philudelphiu : "Role of Defective Proviruses in the Generation of Heterogeneity of HIV"
• 3. Suresh K. Aryu, Laboratory ofTumor Cell Biology, NCI : "HIV-2 Fusiogenicity and Cytopathicity: Analysis with Chimeric Proviruses"
• 4. George M. Shaw, Depurtments of Medicine und Microbiology, University of Alubumu at Birmingham, Birmingham : "Biologic and Genetic Analysis of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Type-1 Associated with Viral Transmissionand Primary Infection"
• 5. Beatrice Huhn, Depurtments ofMedicine and Microbiology, University ofAlubumu at Birmingham, Birminghum : "Genetically and Biologically Unique Strains of HIV-2"
• 6. Hurriett L. Robinson, University ofMassachusetts Medical Center, Worcester : "Rate/Efficiency of Entry: A Major Determinant of the Growth Potential of HIV-1 " / "Selection of Variants of HIV-1-NL4-3 in Chronic Producers"
• 7. Jumes A. Euutenberger, Luborutory of'Molecular Oncology, NCI-FCRDC : "Phylogenetic Analysis of HIV-1 Sequences"
• 8. Stephen M. Nigida, Jr., AIDS Vaccine Program, PRIIDynCorp, NCI-FCRDC : "Properties of Cloned H9/HIV-1(MN) Cell Lines"
• 9. David J. Waters, AIDS Vaccine Program, PRIIDynCorp, NCI-FCRDC : "An Adherent Cell, Nonisotopic, Transactivation-Based Assay for the Detection and Titration of Infectious HIV-1 and HIV-2"
• 10. Enzo Boeri, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI :  "Genetic Variability of the Immunodominant V3 Loop Epitope of HIV-2"
• 11. Claudia Balotta, Luborutory of Tumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Biological Properties of Envelope Chimeric Constructs of HIV-1 Bal and HIV-1 HXB2"
• 12. Brynmor A. Wutkins, Luborutory ofTumor Cell Biology, NCI : "Envelope Variability of HIV-1 In Vitro; Derivation of Infectious Molecular Clones of a Neutralization-Resistant Variant Virus"

WORLD-FAMOUS BIOLOGIST GEORGE PIECZENIK, with his crimson Harvard suspenders and neatly trimmed beard, look more like a man waiting for his tum on the golf course than a scientist. Indeed, he is a scientist and one that may be on the verge of a very important discovery. Pieczenik bas been studying subjects who have been HIV-positive for more than ten years and who have not developed AIDS, with the belief that these patients bold the key to the cure of the disease.

His theory is a new twist in the ongoing debate about just how deadly HIV really is. Pieczenik's take on HIV is a middle ground of sorts. Unlike Berkeley biologist Peter Duesberg, who think HIV is harmless, Pieczenik believes that "regular" HIV is deadly, but that there are strains of HIV that are harmless. He theorizes that the e nonpathogenic strains mjght overpower and neutralize the deadly strains. Dr. Pieczenik bas been working for the past two years with a team comprised of lawyer Roy Durham and physician Michael Scolaro in an effort to defeat AIDS by goading HIV into genetic competition. But the research process is complicated, and detractors are trying to top him on the grounds that testing his theory is risky and unethical. The method involves injecting HlV-tainted blood taken from a patient Pieczenik believes to be infected with the "safe" strain into an HIV-positive patient with AIDS, with the hope that the safe strain will overpower the deadly strain. If it doesn't, Pieczenik reasons , the patient will not be further harmed by the new strain.

After Dr. Pieczenik conceived the research project in 1990, Roy Durham compiled a list of possible donors by writing to over 1,700 doctors in U.S. hospitals, asking them for information on any patient who fit the profile: HIV-positive, asymptomatic for over ten years, and with the T-cell count of a healthy person. Then Scolaro began to treat a test group of 11 patients with AIDS in Los Angeles using the donor blood. When he began, they had a mean T-cell count (an indicator of immune response) of 66. Normal is anywhere from 800 to over 1 200. One was blind and in a coma. The treatment consisted of injecting the patients with a small amount of the donor blood, repeated after three months. After one year, four patients reverted to good health, six other stabilized and improved their immune response, while the 11th, who bad been in a coma, died.

What Pieczenik proposes is that viruses like AIDS follow the laws of natural election as obediently a a hulking Galapago tortoise. The virus wishes to survive and cannot if it kill its host. Pieczenik believes that the survival for more than ten years of HIV-positive subjects who have not developed AIDS is evidence of this very phenomenon at work. Either theses subjects are immune to the disease, or their strain of the virus doe not cause AIDS.

The theory is not without precedent. In the 1950s , farmers in Australia battled the problem of rampant pestilence due to an overpopulation of rabbits. Their answer was to introduce a virus in the hope of killing off the rabbit . Instead, their plan was foiled when a spontaneous mutation resulted in a non-disease-causing strain that competed with the virulent strain.

If competitive nonpathogenic viruses can exist in rabbits, the same phenomenon could explain why some people with HIV have not developed AIDS. Central to the theory are certain tenets of the law of natural selection and Darwinian theory. Pieczenik's work suggests that it may be possible to artificially accelerate this form of natural selection by using nonpathogenic strains to compete with disease-causing strains. It is already possible to observe this competition in Africa, where two strains of HIV - HIV I and HIV II-have been identified, the latter being far less lethal.

Harvard biologist Max Essex, an expert on African AIDS, cites a mere 10 percent death rate for those infected with HIV II, as compared with the nearly 100 percent figure for HIV I. According to Essex, this model shows that it is possible for one strain of HIV to outcompete another and to promote survival in those infected. "However, it's very tricky to find the right strain, considering that no two people have the exact same virus."

The medical world has been polarized in its support for Pieczenik, dividing along the lines of virologists and therapists. The issue is whether research of this nature can be conducted in the laboratory, using tissue cultures rather than live subjects.

On the virologists' side, Max Essex says , "In general, I don't think it's a good idea to use something like this on live subjects, it's much better to try it in the lab." Clinicians, however, are more likely to concur with their colleague Dr. Tillman Pierce of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital in New York, who says , "It is useless to test method like this in the lab because we simply don't know where the battle is takin place. We can't be sure whether to test the virus in a test tube on blood cells, skin cells, or lymph cells. In addition, there is no animal model for AIDS, so the way in which [Pieczenik's] research was conducted was the only possible method."

"Anyone who understands the theory supports it," ay Pieczenik. "We have made an end run around the viral gardeners . There is no way virologists can identify a clinically nonpathogenic strain in tissue culture. You have to look for these strains in healthy people." Indeed, many scientists agree with him, and Pieczenik's proponents include some notable scientists, including Sir Aaron Klug, director of Cambridge University's Medical Research Council and the 1982 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry for his work on nucleic acids and genetics. He speaks glowingly of his longtime associate Pieczenik, saying, "Although George is very unorthodox, I have the utmost re spect for him a scientist." He calls Pieczenik's theory "very neat, elegant, and original," while at the same time stressing that "Dr. Pieczenik is quite certified ethically. The patients were on death's door and the therapy was carried out under the laws of informed consent. Any doctor has the right to carry out such work if the risks are enumerated to the patients beforehand."

Klug points to the high success rate in Pieczenik' test group as evidence that the treatment might work on a larger scale. "This virus," he says, "is morphic, constantly changing, and it needs a lot of further study. Pieczenik's work must continue."

The possibility of mutation raises the chilling question, What would happen if the virus mutated so that it was either windborne or more infectious? Pieczenik is unruffled by such a scenario, dismissing it by saying, "Usually in evolution, the push is not toward the more virulent. If it did occur, transmission and death would accelerate, and the rate of spread would low down."

PIECZENIK'S TALE HAS ECHOES OF past epidemic . In the 1950s, when polio was creeping insidiously through the bathhouse and swimming pools of Europe and the U.S., there was a frenzy for a cure. Live virus research, at that time done by Albert Sabin, was regarded with skepticism and lacked governmental support; Sabin was forced to go to the Soviet Union to test his vaccine. Indeed, it was Jonas Salk who was heralded a the discoverer of the polio vaccine, yet today, his dead virus cure is not used; Sabin's is .

Pieczenik points to a similar scenario today, his research having met with a thundering silence from the federal government. When Rock Hudson was stricken with AIDS in 1985 , he points out, so slow and ineffective was the U.S. system that the actor was forced to go on a pathetic pilgrimage to France in his dying days to try an untested cure. "Until the President of the United States comes down with AIDS like Franklin Roosevelt did with polio," says Pieczenik, "nothing significant will be done to help clinicians fight this disease."

Pieczenik likens the government's handling of AIDS to its treatment of the Vietnam War - the "amplification of an error" - arguing that the government is too committed to the prevailing AIDS ideology to admit that there may be alternatives. Nevertheless, he believes his vaccine to be the most promising on the medical scene today. "Scolaro [the physician with whom Pieczenik has been working] has more clinical experience with AIDS than any physician or scientist at NIH. He has more clinical smell for this disease than anyone, and if anyone is to crack it, I think it will be us."

The debate over live virus vaccines is far from resolved, however. Despite the success of the Sabin polio vaccine, there has been a movement in recent years to halt its use because of the light but nevertheless real danger that live vaccines can actually cause disease in otherwise heathy individuals. Pieczenik says his cure is not of commercial interest to pharmaceutical companies because of the live virus "liability," and that the FDA also believes it to be too risky for use on human subjects. "Our work,'' Pieczenik says, "is to develop a potential competing vaccine that will never revert."

"Conventional therapies are just a choice of two evils. AZT lets you choose to die of a lymphoma, and the morphine drip simply cushions your eventual death."

Other researchers, including AIDS physician Dr. Charles Carpenter of Rhode Island's Miriam Hospital, agree that there is a dearth of effective remedies. On the issue of whether Pieczenik' competing vaccine is an ethical one, Dr. Carpenter remarks, "Ultimately, the prerogative is the patient's alone. The research is well worthwhile, and we have to explore all avenues."

Some of Pieczenik' staunchest opposition has come from members of the AIDS activist group ACT UP (although there are also supporters of Pieczenik among its ranks - there's a popular misconception that AIDS activists stand unified in their views). New York ACT UP leader Mark Harrington bristles at the mention of Pieczenik's work. "I think there are a lot of questions about the pathogenesis of AIDS and I don't think these people are helping. They jeopardize human patients and use them as guinea pigs." On the other hand, ACT UP member and New York lawyer David Samuels, himself a potential patient, is enthusiastic about Pieczenik's therapy, which follows a phenomenon called "pairing" or "clustering" that he urges researchers to notice. Even before Pieczenik's research trials began, one of the donors of the" safe" strain was found to have possibly ameliorated the condition of a person with AIDS he was sleeping with. In this case, the donor, by reinfecting a sexual partner in declining health with his competitive nonpathogenic strain of the virus, appears to have helped slow the rate of decline and even helped improve his condition.

Samuels urges that "recruitment has to continue in order to find new donors ," noting that the prime blood donor for Pieczenik's project has "begun to reconvert from nonpathogenic HlV-positive to HIV-negative, making him normal and nonuseful."  Also, because no two strains of a virus are exactly alike, there may be donors out there with better, more effective competitive nonpathogenic  trains than the ones that have already been found.

For now, Pieczenik' initial trials have not been expanded as a courtesy to NIH officials who have a asked for more time to understand the work. There is however, at least a first glimmer of interest in Pieczenik's work by the establishment: [Dr Anthony Stephen Fauci (born 1940)], head of the National Institute for Allergy and infectious Disease and a member of the U.S. AIDS Commission, asked Pieczenik to speak in Washington last January.

Pieczenik, known by his friends and colleagues as "the last of the just," is optimistic. Looking out the window on a gloomy afternoon, Pieczenik concludes with a hint of optimism, "Maybe someday down the line we can reverse history. One theory has it that AIDS exploded all over the U.S. when a handsome airline steward traveled coast to coast spreading the disease. Perhaps by finding the right man, perhaps he can do the same thing for us in reverse, acting like a virological Angel of Life." In these times of uncertainty and paranoia, such hopes are indispensable.