The Assassination of Julius Caesar (1805) Vincenzo Camuccini
Context
The Deification of Caesar is the last poem of The Metamorphoses, and concludes Book XV. It is a more “modern” story that connected the old legendary myths to what was the modern Roman Empire. It follows right after a story about how Asclepius saved Rome from a plague, which also helped connect the old and the current.
Ovid wrote the story while Augustus was emperor, after Julius Caesar had been assassinated. While Caesar wasn’t considered a god while he was alive, two years after his death he was officially recognized as a god by the Senate. One of the main reasons why they did this was political: If Caesar was a god, Augustus, who was his adopted son, would be descended from divinity, making him appear much more legitimate.
This status was massive for propaganda that endorsed Augustus; even coins were printed with divi filius, meaning “son of a god.” The Deification was Ovid’s retelling of this story, including more details to connect to other gods and myths: For example, he even was able to make Caesar a direct descendent of the god Venus. Another thing that Ovid realized was that he could use the story to his own advantage. By deliberately writing what was essentially a propaganda piece, he could build a much better relationship with Augustus. Especially since other parts of The Metamorphoses included parts that wouldn’t be as supportive of the Roman government, Ovid needed something to help compensate and make the story less likely to get him punished.
In the Deification, Venus realizes that Caesar is about to be assassinated and tries to protect him, first trying to warn him and later attempting to hide him in the clouds. Eventually, she realizes that she is fighting fate and he is doomed to die. Caesar dies, but Venus carries his soul into the sky, which then becomes a comet. All poems in The Metamorphoses have a transformation, and in the Deification, this is the point where Caesar goes from being a mortal to being a god. The poem ends with Ovid reflecting on how he will be immortalized by his poetry, which he believes will be passed down through generations.
Latin Translation
Although this stranger [Ascelpius] approached to our shrine,
Caesar is a god in his own city; exceptional by war and peace,
but it was not the wars that were more ended by triumphs,
the things done at home, or the quickly won fame that
made him a new comet among the stars
as it was his descendant; indeed there is not
any greater act of Caesar than that he emerged as the father of this man:
certainly it is more than to have conquered the Britons of the sea and to
have led his victorious ships up the seven-mouthed flood of the papyrus bearing Nile,
and to have driven the rebellious Numidians,
Libya and Mithridates, arrogant with the name of Pontus,
under the people of Quirinus;
to have earned many, and celebrated few triumphs,
than it is to have brought forth such a man, under whose ruling,
you gods who have abundantly favored humans?
Therefore, to prevent this man [Augustus] from being made from human seed,
that man [Caesar] must be made a god.
As Golden Venus, mother of Aeneas saw this, and
also saw preparation for a sorrowful death for Caesar,
and the conspiratorial weapons to be moved, she paled and stopped,
and for each god she met, she said: “look, do you see
how large the mass of tricks that are being prepared for me is, and
how much treachery is being sought out against my head, and
how what remains from me is Trojan Iulus alone
Will I always be the only one troubled by justified concerns?
Now the Calydonian spear of the son of Tydeus wounds me,
Now the poorly defended walls of Troy confuse me,
Seeing my son driven to long wanderings,
and thrown by storms, and penetrating the house of silence,
and to carry on wars with Turnus, or, if we admit, in truth
with Juno? Why now do I remember ancient failures with my family?
This fear does not allow me to have remembered the past.
Look! You see wicked swords being sharpened.
Hold back those men, I pray, and repel their crime, and
do not extinguish the sacred flame of Vesta by killing her priest.”
Venus, anxious, hurls such words to the whole sky and moves the gods, who,
although they are not able to break the
iron decrees of the ancient sisters nevertheless give signals, -
not at all uncertain, of future grief.
Ruins of the Temple of Caesar (Divus Iulius)
By FrankCJones - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24281177
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=161312