50) Closed System: In chemistry, a closed system is where no reactants or products can escape, only heat can be exchanged freely (e.g. an ice cooler). A closed system can be used when conducting chemical experiments where temperature is not a factor
51) Law of Conservation of Mass: “The mass in an isolated system can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another”.
52) Chemical Equation: a representation of a chemical reaction using symbols of the elements to indicate the amount of substance, usually in moles, of each reactant and product.
53) Conductivity: Conductivity is the measure of the ease at which an electric charge or heat can pass through a material. A conductor is a material which gives very little resistance to the flow of an electric current or thermal energy.
54) Reaction Rate: the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds.
55) Inhibitor: a substance that slows down a chemical or corrosion reaction and may become a part of the final product.
56) Reactants: The substances which participate in a chemical reaction, substances initially present in a chemical reaction that are consumed during the reaction to make products.
57) Products: is a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction.
58) Subscript: a small-sized number on the bottom right of the symbol. It refers to the number of atoms of the element.
59) Coefficient: are used to balance chemical equations. A coefficient is a number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula. It shows how many atoms or molecules of the substance are involved in the reaction
60) Electron Cloud: the system of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom
Consequences- The effects, results, or outcome of something occurring earlier.
hydropower: Hydropower is electrical energy produced through the power of moving water. In modern technology, hydropower moves turbines that pass on their energy to a generator which then produces electric power. Hydropower is a type of renewable energy, and once the power plant is constructed it produces little to no waste
•Carbohydrates- Organic compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; starches, glycogen, cellulose and sugars
•Chemical Digestion- breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can be used by the cells. begins in the mouth when food mixes with saliva. Saliva contains an enzyme (amylase) that begins the breakdown of carbohydrates.
•Glucose- a simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates
•Lipids- Organic compound with the same elements as carbohydrates but in different proportions. They are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
•Mechanical Digestion- involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces. Begins in the mouth as the food is chewed
•Cellular Respiration- biochemical process in which the cells of an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, the currency of energy in cells.
•Mitochondria- Cell organelle that breaks down food and releases energy. The biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur in these organelles
•Proteins- Biological polymer made up of amino acids: catalyzes many cell reactions and provided the structural materials for many parts of the body.
•Aerobic: living, active, or occurring only in the presence of oxygen
•Anaerobic: (of an organism or tissue) living in the absence of air or free oxygen. pertaining to or caused by the absence of oxygen.
-Biological classification: hierarchical system is used for classifying organisms to the species level. This system is called taxonomic classification. The broadest classifications are by domain and kingdom; the most specific classification is by genus and species. The hierarchical groupings in between include phylum, class, family, and order.
Analogous Structure: structures in different species having the same function but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor. ... Examples: wings of insects and birds used for flying
-Comparative anatomy: Comparing the body structures of two species. The similarity of anatomical structures such as organs, tissues, and skeletal features of seemingly unrelated animals to tell how related they are
-Evolution: how things change over time. the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
-Homologous structures: example of an organ or bone that appears in different animals, showing anatomical similarities showing descent from a common ancestor. In other words, it's when very different animals have bones that appear very similar in form but have a different function and seem to be related
-Vestigial structures: anatomical feature or behavior that no longer seems to have a purpose in the current form of an organism of the given species.
-Adaptation: change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
-Diversity: diversity is important because it helps maintain the health of a population, by including alleles that may be valuable in resisting diseases, pests and other stresses. Maintaining diversity gives the population a buffer against change, providing the flexibility to adapt.
-Extinct: the disappearance of a species
-Natural selection: process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
-Phenotype: the physical appearance of the chemical genetic interaction between the genes and the organism's environment
-Traits: Characteristics or attributes of an organism that are expressed by genes
Biotechnology: Biotechnology is the branch of applied science that utilizes living organisms and their derivatives in order to produce products and processes. ... Biotechnology (biotech) companies derive their products from the extraction or manipulation of living organisms, and comprise an important industry sector in the economy.
Cloning: The term cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone.
Ethics: At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral principles. ... Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as moral philosophy. The term is derived from the Greek word ethos which can mean custom, habit, character or disposition.
Bioethics: Ethics is a philosophical discipline pertaining to notions of good and bad, right and wrong—our moral life in community. Bioethics is the application of ethics to the field of medicine and healthcare.
Genetic engineering: Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.
Genetically modified organism: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.
Antibiotic: An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria that can inhibit or kill a bacteria
Inhalation: the process or act of breathing in, taking air and sometimes other substances into your lungs
Virus: microscopic parasites, generally much smaller than bacteria. They lack the capacity to thrive and reproduce outside of a host body.
Bacteria: microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut.
Ingestion: is the consumption of a substance by an organism
Epidemic a disease “affecting many persons at the same time, and spreading from person to person in an area temporarily.” The World Health Organization (WHO) further specifies epidemic as occurring at the level of a region or community.
Carrier A person or animal that has a specific infectious agent without visible disease symptoms and serves as a potential source of spread of the infection.
Microbe A pathogen is a micro-organism that has the potential to cause disease. Disease-causing microbes can also be called pathogens, germs or bugs and are responsible for causing infectious diseases.
Parasite Parasites are living things that use other living things - like your body - for food and a place to live. You can get them from contaminated food or water, a bug bite, or sexual contact. Some parasitic diseases are easily treated and some are not.
Vaccine A suspension (mixture, usually a liquid)) of live or inactivated microorganisms (example. bacteria or viruses) or part of the microbes that are given to provide or start immunity and prevent infectious diseases and their coming back
Fungi a living microbe that can be very large (ex. mushroom), many contain hyphae (long, branch-like cells), ex. athlete’s foot, ringworm
Pathogen any microbe that causes disease
Host cell a living cell invaded by or capable of being invaded by an infectious agent (such as a bacterium or a virus)
Pandemic disease is an epidemic that has spread over a large area, that is, it’s “prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world.”
Immunity situation in which you are protected against disease
Vector: an animal that carries and transmits a disease
Absolute Age: The geologic age of a fossil, or a geologic event or structure expressed in units of time, usually years.
Carbon Dating: the determination of the age or date of organic matter from the relative proportions of the carbon isotopes carbon-12 and carbon-14 that it contains. The ratio between them changes as radioactive carbon-14 decays and is not replaced by exchange with the atmosphere.
Geological Time Scale: (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time. It is used by geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events that have occurred during Earth's history.
Half-Life: the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value.
Index Fossil: a widely distributed fossil, of narrow range in time, regarded as characteristic of a given geological formation, used especially in determining the age of related formations.
Law of Superposition: a basic law of geochronology, stating that in any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom, each layer being younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it.
Precambrian Era: From about 3.8 billion to 540 million years ago., primitive forms of life first appeared on Earth.
Radioactive or Radiometric Dating: technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
Relative Dating: is the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age (i.e. estimated age).
Carbon Film: an organism outline of a fossil. It is a type of fossil found in any rock when organic material is compressed, leaving only a carbon residue or film
Fossil: the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock
Cast/Mold: formed when an animal, plant, or other organism dies, its flesh decays and bones deteriorate due to chemical reactions; minerals gradually enter into the cavity,
Mesozoic Era: geologic time from about 251 to 66 million years ago. This Era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods and is characterized by the development of flying reptiles, birds, and flowering plants and by the appearance and extinction of dinosaurs.
Petrified: the process by which organic material becomes a fossil through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals.
Preserved Remains: may be an actual remain, such as bones or leaves, or the result of activity, such as footprints. They are also known as a "true form fossil,"they are one that remains intact, or nearly intact, because of the method in which it was fossilized.
Trace Fossil: consisting of an imprint of or a mark left by an organism, as opposed to physical remains. These are produced in soft sediments and include surface tracks, molded impressions left by organisms or tissues that later decayed, and subsurface burrows or tunnelings.
Ice Core: long cylinder recovered by drilling through glaciers in Greenland, Antarctica, and high mountains around the world. Scientists retrieve these to look for records of climate change over the last 100,000 years or more.
Sedimentary Rock: that has formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice (glaciers), and wind. These are often deposited in layers, and frequently contain fossils.
Intrusion: when magma cools and solidifies before it reaches the surface.
Extrusion: breaking-out of igneous rock from below the Earth's surface.
Unconformity: contact between two rock units in which the upper rock layer is usually much younger than the lower unit. These typically buried erosional surfaces that can represent a break in the geologic record of hundreds of millions of years or more.
Uniformitarianism: Earth's geologic processes acted in the same manner and with essentially the same intensity in the past as they do in the present and that such uniformity is sufficient to account for all geologic change.
Cross Cutting:the geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features. It is a relative dating technique in geology.
Fault: fault is a crack in the Earth's crust. Typically, these are associated with, or form, the boundaries between Earth's tectonic plates.
Igneous Rock: Rocks formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten materials. Igneous rocks can form beneath the Earth's surface, or at its surface
Metamorphic Rock: type of rock which has been changed by extreme heat and pressure. ... Sedimentary rock which has been near such forces often looks as if a giant had twisted it and heated it over a fire, such as Marble
Original Horizontality: States that sediments are deposited in horizontal layers that are parallel to the surface on which they were deposited.
Chemical Weathering: The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes.
Mechanical Weathering: Weathering that occurs when rock is physically broken down into smaller pieces.
Cenozoic Era: third of the major eras of Earth's history, beginning about 66 million years ago and extending to the present. It was the interval of time during which the continents assumed their modern configuration and geographic positions and during which Earth's flora and fauna evolved toward those of the present
Paleozoic Era: which ran from about 542 million years ago to 251 million years ago, was a time of great change on Earth. The era began with the breakup of one supercontinent and the formation of another. Plants became widespread. And the first vertebrate animals colonized land.