[data]
da.ta: n. facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis
Stream Channel Modifications in Hawai‘i (1978)
A report was published by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 1978 investigating the effects of stream alteration and channelization in the Hawaiian Islands. The purpose of this report was to establish an ecological baseline that could be used to evaluate future stream alteration proposals and predict their impacts on the local stream flora and fauna.
Fast Facts
100% of the 54 perennial streams found and recorded on O‘ahu had been diverted, channelized, or constructed over
56% of all altered streams on the Hawaiian Islands were found on O‘ahu
Unaltered/natural streams average water tempuratures: 19.5-26.8°C (67.1-80.24°F)
Channelized streams average water temperautres: 17.8-36.2°C (64.04-97.16°F)
Natural stream average pH level: pH 6.2-7.5
Channelized stream average pH level: pH 7.5-9.9 (Hawaii Department of Health water quality standards have a maximum pH value of 8)
Channelization Issues
Local plants and animals that are well adapted to short term habitat disruptions (such as flash floods) cannot survive in the long term turbidity created by ongoing channel constuction projects
Unlined channels (streams that keep their natural banks/streambeds) are often subject to excessive illumination and increasing temperatures. This forces native species out of the area since they cannot survive in the warmer water and favor shaded, sheltered habitats
Lined channels (natural material covered by manmade material such as concrete) are subject to prolonged turbidity, and the natural habitat cannot be recovered. Smooth concrete offers little to no shelter, and channels are often built with flat bottoms which creates a shallow stream water depth, increased pH, and increased temperatures
Potentail Solutions
Long term turbidity/disruption can be minimized by allowing and encouraging revegetation of the stream channel banks, which would also help reduce erosion and provide additional stream habitat
Replanting bankside canopy vegetation (reeds, shrubs, and trees) will provide shade and covered habitat for stream organisms and will help encourage the recolonization of these habitats by native species
Alternating lined stream sections with unlined, well vegetated channel sections will provide habitat for stream species, and create areas for water quality to improve. Notchs can be built into the center of the channels to create a deeper stream depth which will help decrease water temperatures
Pālolo Stream
USGS 16247000 stream site, Latitude 21°17'21.4", Longitude 157°48'16.7"
1970-1979
Average water temperature: 25.23°C
Average instantaneous stream discharge: 2.932 ft3/s,
Average water pH: pH 9.116
1953-2022
Average peak streamflow 1953-2022: 1,188 ft3/s
Average peak streamflow 1953-1979: 1610 ft3/s
Average peak streamflow 2003-2022: 618.6 ft3/s
Maximum peak flow measured in 1968 (4270 ft3/s)
Mininimum peak flow measured in 2013 (293 ft3/s)
The collected data from Pālolo Stream fits the trends established in 1978 report. Pālolo has large portions of shallow water depth, smooth concrete lining, and a general lack of bankside vegetation and canopy cover. Together, these traits generate higher stream temperatures, increased pH values and a general decrease in habitability. The decrease in stream flow may be due to an additional water divergence made upstream, a decrease in average rainfall in the area, or a depletion of groundwater that feeds the stream.
If you're curious about streams near you -- use Streamer! This site shows streams that are being monitered by USGS across the United States. You can search a stream of interest by name or click around on the map to explore areas you may be less familiar with.
Resources
ia800700.us.archive.org/12/items/streamchannelmod0d0parr/streamchannelmod0d0parr.pdf waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/16247000/#period=P1Y txpub.usgs.gov/DSS/streamer/web/ pickledmangohawaii.blogspot.com/2020/05/video-pukele-waiomao-palolo-streams.html
Hotton, V. K., & Sutherland, R. A. (2016). The legacy of lead (Pb) in fluvial bed sediments of an urban drainage basin, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 5495-5506