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PHILADEPHIA, SUMMER OF 1787
ESSENTIAL CHAPTER QUESTION
ESSENTIAL CHAPTER QUESTION
How did ideas about the role of state and national government evolve?
THE CONFEDERATION ERA
THE CONFEDERATION ERA
STATE AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS | ORDINANCES OF 1785 AND 1787 | CONTROVERSIES ABOUT THE ARTICLES
The Articles of Confederation limited the power of the new national government, while state governments retained much of their independence.
The ordinances of 1785 and 1787 allowed the federal government to better regulate westward expansion and distribute land to new settlers.
The Articles of Confederation limited the federal government’s effectiveness and led to economic problems and challenges to its authority.
DRAFTING THE CONSTITUTION
DRAFTING THE CONSTITUTION
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION | HOW TO DIVIDE POWER | SLAVERY AND TRADE
American leaders met at the Constitutional Convention to debate and decide how to reform the national government.
Delegates at the Constitutional Convention decided how to divide power in the government and how to elect the president.
Before the delegates approved the final draft of the Constitution, they had to compromise about slavery and settle issues about commerce.
RATIFICATION & BILL OF RIGHTS
RATIFICATION & BILL OF RIGHTS
FEDERALISTS AND ANTIFEDERALISTS | CONSTITUTIONAL DEBATE | THE BILL OF RIGHTS
Americans with opposite views about a strong central government engaged in intense debates over the ratification of the Constitution.
Legislators and ordinary citizens had a lot to say both for and against ratifying the proposed Constitution. As people on both sides of the debate published their arguments, it became clear that some kind of compromise was necessary for this plan of government to survive.
The Framers included a Bill of Rights in the Constitution to protect the fundamental rights and individual liberties of all citizens.
REVIEW
REVIEW
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY
Constitution - (n.) a document that organizes a government and states its powers
Constitutionalism - (n.) the concept of governing based on a constitution
Credit - (n.) the privilege of purchasing something or borrowing money and paying the money back over time
Federal - (adj.) relating to a government where power is shared between the central, national government and that of states or provinces
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - (n.) a legislation adopted by Congress to establish stricter control over the government of the Northwest Territory
Ordinance - (n.) an official law, decree, or directive
Ordinance of 1785 - (n.) a federal law that set up a system to allow settlers to purchase land in the undeveloped west
Ratify - (v.) to approve formally, by vote
Shays's Rebellion - (n.) the 1786–1787 uprising of Massachusetts farmers in protest of high taxes
Sovereign - (adj.) having the right to self-rule or independent government
Checks and Balances - (n.) the system established by the U.S. Constitution that gives each of the branches of government the power to limit the power of the other two
Commerce Clause - (n.) a provision in Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution granting Congress the power to make laws concerning foreign trade as well as trade among the states and with Native American nations
Common Market - (n.) a group of countries or states that allows the members to trade freely among them
Delegate - (n.) a person chosen or elected to represent a group of people
Dual Sovereignty - (n.) the concept that state governments have certain powers the federal government cannot overrule
Electoral College - (n.) the group that elects the U.S. president; each state receives as many electors as it has congressional representatives and senators combined
Executive Branch - (n.) the section of the U.S. government headed by the president; responsible for enforcing the law
Federalism - (n.) the support of a government where power is shared between the central, national government and that of states or provinces
Framers - (n.) delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention who helped shape the content and structure of the U.S. Constitution
Fugitive Slave Clause - (n.) a provision in Article 4 of the U.S. Constitution that prevented free states from emancipating enslaved workers who had escaped from their masters in other states
Judicial Branch - (n.) the section of the U.S. government that includes the courts and legal system, led by the Supreme Court; responsible for interpreting the law
Legislative Branch - (n.) the section of the U.S. government led by Congress; responsible for making the law
Separation of Powers - (n.) the division of governmental power among the three branches of U.S. government: the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch
Slave Importation Clause - (n.) a provision in Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution that established the United States would not consider prohibiting the international slave trade in the United States until 1808
Supreme Court - (n.) the highest court in the United States
Three-Fifths Compromise - (n.) the agreement that determined that only three-fifths of the total population of enslaved persons in a state would be counted for purposes of taxation and representation
Amendment - (n.) a formal change to a law, usually referring to a formal change to the U.S. Constitution
Antifederalist - (n.) a person who opposed the U.S. Constitution of 1787 because of its emphasis on a strong national government
Bill of Rights - (n.) the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution; a list of guarantees to which every person in a country is entitled
Federalist - (n.) a person who supported the U.S. Constitution of 1787 as it was written during the process of ratification
Statute - (n.) a formal, written law
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