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The history of computers goes back over 200 years. At first theorized by mathematicians and entrepreneurs, during the 19th century mechanical calculating machines were designed and built to solve the increasingly complex number-crunching challenges. The advancement of technology enabled ever more-complex computers by the early 20th century, and computers became larger and more powerful.
Today, computers are almost unrecognizable from designs of the 19th century, such as Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine — or even from the huge computers of the 20th century that occupied whole rooms, such as the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.
Here's a brief history of computers, from their primitive number-crunching origins to the powerful modern-day machines that surf the Internet, run games and stream multimedia.
19th century
19th century
1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French merchant and inventor invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.
1821: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. Funded by the British government, the project, called the "Difference Engine" fails due to the lack of technology at the time, according to the University of Minnesota.
1848: Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician and the daughter of poet Lord Byron, writes the world's first computer program. According to Anna Siffert, a professor of theoretical mathematics at the University of Münster in Germany, Lovelace writes the first program while translating a paper on Babbage's Analytical Engine from French into English. "She also provides her own comments on the text. Her annotations, simply called "notes," turn out to be three times as long as the actual transcript," Siffert wrote in an article for The Max Planck Society. "Lovelace also adds a step-by-step description for computation of Bernoulli numbers with Babbage's machine — basically an algorithm — which, in effect, makes her the world's first computer programmer." Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers often used in computation.
1853: Swedish inventor Per Georg Scheutz and his son Edvard design the world's first printing calculator. The machine is significant for being the first to "compute tabular differences and print the results," according to Uta C. Merzbach's book, "Georg Scheutz and the First Printing Calculator" (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977).
1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch-card system to help calculate the 1890 U.S. Census. The machine, saves the government several years of calculations, and the U.S. taxpayer approximately $5 million, according to Columbia University Hollerith later establishes a company that will eventually become International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
Early 20th century
Early 20th century
1931: At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Vannevar Bush invents and builds the Differential Analyzer, the first large-scale automatic general-purpose mechanical analog computer, according to Stanford University.
1936: Alan Turing, a British scientist and mathematician, presents the principle of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, in a paper called "On Computable Numbers…" according to Chris Bernhardt's book "Turing's Vision" (The MIT Press, 2017). Turing machines are capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer is based on his ideas. Turing is later involved in the development of the Turing-Welchman Bombe, an electro-mechanical device designed to decipher Nazi codes during World War II, according to the UK's National Museum of Computing.
1937: John Vincent Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, submits a grant proposal to build the first electric-only computer, without using gears, cams, belts or shafts.
1939: David Packard and Bill Hewlett found the Hewlett Packard Company in Palo Alto, California. The pair decide the name of their new company by the toss of a coin, and Hewlett-Packard's first headquarters are in Packard's garage, according to MIT.
1941: German inventor and engineer Konrad Zuse completes his Z3 machine, the world's earliest digital computer, according to Gerard O'Regan's book "A Brief History of Computing" (Springer, 2021). The machine was destroyed during a bombing raid on Berlin during World War II. Zuse fled the German capital after the defeat of Nazi Germany and later released the world's first commercial digital computer, the Z4, in 1950, according to O'Regan.
1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design the first digital electronic computer in the U.S., called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory, and is capable of performing one operation every 15 seconds, according to the book "Birthing the Computer" (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016)
1945: Two professors at the University of Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, design and build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). The machine is the first "automatic, general-purpose, electronic, decimal, digital computer," according to Edwin D. Reilly's book "Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology" (Greenwood Press, 2003).
1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business and government applications.
1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the transistor. They discover how to make an electric switch with solid materials and without the need for a vacuum.
1949: A team at the University of Cambridge develops the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), "the first practical stored-program computer," according to O'Regan. "EDSAC ran its first program in May 1949 when it calculated a table of squares and a list of prime numbers," O'Regan wrote. In November 1949, scientists with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), now called CSIRO, build Australia's first digital computer called the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Automatic Computer (CSIRAC). CSIRAC is the first digital computer in the world to play music, according to O'Regan.
Late 20th century
Late 20th century
1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL, which stands for COmmon, Business-Oriented Language according to the National Museum of American History. Hopper is later dubbed the "First Lady of Software" in her posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom citation. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations keep tabs on Korea during the war.
1954: John Backus and his team of programmers at IBM publish a paper describing their newly created FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, according to MIT.
1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip. Kilby is later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work.
1968: Douglas Engelbart reveals a prototype of the modern computer at the Fall Joint Computer Conference, San Francisco. His presentation, called "A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect" includes a live demonstration of his computer, including a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI), according to the Doug Engelbart Institute. This marks the development of the computer from a specialized machine for academics to a technology that is more accessible to the general public.
1969: Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and a group of other developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating system that made "large-scale networking of diverse computing systems — and the internet — practical," according to Bell Labs.. The team behind UNIX continued to develop the operating system using the C programming language, which they also optimized.
1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip.
1971: A team of IBM engineers led by Alan Shugart invents the "floppy disk," enabling data to be shared among different computers.
1972: Ralph Baer, a German-American engineer, releases Magnavox Odyssey, the world's first home game console, in September 1972 , according to the Computer Museum of America. Months later, entrepreneur Nolan Bushnell and engineer Al Alcorn with Atari release Pong, the world's first commercially successful video game.
1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other hardware.
1977: The Commodore Personal Electronic Transactor (PET), is released onto the home computer market, featuring an MOS Technology 8-bit 6502 microprocessor, which controls the screen, keyboard and cassette player. The PET is especially successful in the education market, according to O'Regan.
1975: The magazine cover of the January issue of "Popular Electronics" highlights the Altair 8080 as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models." After seeing the magazine issue, two "computer geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4, after the success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software company, Microsoft.
1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak co-found Apple Computer on April Fool's Day. They unveil Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board and ROM (Read Only Memory), according to MIT.
1977: Radio Shack began its initial production run of 3,000 TRS-80 Model 1 computers — disparagingly known as the "Trash 80" — priced at $599, according to the National Museum of American History. Within a year, the company took 250,000 orders for the computer, according to the book "How TRS-80 Enthusiasts Helped Spark the PC Revolution" (The Seeker Books, 2007).
1977: The first West Coast Computer Faire is held in San Francisco. Jobs and Wozniak present the Apple II computer at the Faire, which includes color graphics and features an audio cassette drive for storage.
1978: VisiCalc, the first computerized spreadsheet program is introduced.
1979: MicroPro International, founded by software engineer Seymour Rubenstein, releases WordStar, the world's first commercially successful word processor. WordStar is programmed by Rob Barnaby, and includes 137,000 lines of code, according to Matthew G. Kirschenbaum's book "Track Changes: A Literary History of Word Processing" (Harvard University Press, 2016).
1981: "Acorn," IBM's first personal computer, is released onto the market at a price point of $1,565, according to IBM. Acorn uses the MS-DOS operating system from Windows. Optional features include a display, printer, two diskette drives, extra memory, a game adapter and more.
1983: The Apple Lisa, standing for "Local Integrated Software Architecture" but also the name of Steve Jobs' daughter, according to the National Museum of American History (NMAH), is the first personal computer to feature a GUI. The machine also includes a drop-down menu and icons. Also this year, the Gavilan SC is released and is the first portable computer with a flip-form design and the very first to be sold as a "laptop."
1984: The Apple Macintosh is announced to the world during a Superbowl advertisement. The Macintosh is launched with a retail price of $2,500, according to the NMAH.
1985: As a response to the Apple Lisa's GUI, Microsoft releases Windows in November 1985, the Guardian reported. Meanwhile, Commodore announces the Amiga 1000.
1989: Tim Berners-Lee, a British researcher at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), submits his proposal for what would become the World Wide Web. His paper details his ideas for Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), the building blocks of the Web.
1993: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs.
1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford University.
1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which at the time is struggling financially. This investment ends an ongoing court case in which Apple accused Microsoft of copying its operating system.
1999: Wi-Fi, the abbreviated term for "wireless fidelity" is developed, initially covering a distance of up to 300 feet (91 meters) Wired reported.
21st century
21st century
2001: Mac OS X, later renamed OS X then simply macOS, is released by Apple as the successor to its standard Mac Operating System. OS X goes through 16 different versions, each with "10" as its title, and the first nine iterations are nicknamed after big cats, with the first being codenamed "Cheetah," TechRadar reported.
2003: AMD's Athlon 64, the first 64-bit processor for personal computers, is released to customers.
2004: The Mozilla Corporation launches Mozilla Firefox 1.0. The Web browser is one of the first major challenges to Internet Explorer, owned by Microsoft. During its first five years, Firefox exceeded a billion downloads by users, according to the Web Design Museum.
2005: Google buys Android, a Linux-based mobile phone operating system
2006: The MacBook Pro from Apple hits the shelves. The Pro is the company's first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer.
2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7 on July 22. The new operating system features the ability to pin applications to the taskbar, scatter windows away by shaking another window, easy-to-access jumplists, easier previews of tiles and more, TechRadar reported.
2010: The iPad, Apple's flagship handheld tablet, is unveiled.
2011: Google releases the Chromebook, which runs on Google Chrome OS.
2015: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10.
2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. "Until now, there hasn't been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new algorithms into their system. They're usually each tailored to attack a particular algorithm," said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.
2017: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new "Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers. "Chemistry offers a rich set of properties that we may be able to harness for rapid, scalable information storage and processing," Anne Fischer, program manager in DARPA's Defense Sciences Office, said in a statement. "Millions of molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique three-dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as shape, size, or even color. This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital architectures."
2019: A team at Google became the first to demonstrate quantum supremacy — creating a quantum computer that could feasibly outperform the most powerful classical computer — albeit for a very specific problem with no practical real-world application. The described the computer, dubbed "Sycamore" in a paper that same year in the journal Nature. Achieving quantum advantage – in which a quantum computer solves a problem with real-world applications faster than the most powerful classical computer — is still a ways off.
2022: The first exascale supercomputer, and the world's fastest, Frontier, went online at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) in Tennessee. Built by Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) at the cost of $600 million, Frontier uses nearly 10,000 AMD EPYC 7453 64-core CPUs alongside nearly 40,000 AMD Radeon Instinct MI250X GPUs. This machine ushered in the era of exascale computing, which refers to systems that can reach more than one exaFLOP of power – used to measure the performance of a system. Only one machine – Frontier – is currently capable of reaching such levels of performance. It is currently being used as a tool to aid scientific discovery.
FAQs
FAQs
What is the first computer in history?
What is the first computer in history?
Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, designed in the 1820s, is considered the first "mechanical" computer in history, according to the Science Museum in the U.K. Powered by steam with a hand crank, the machine calculated a series of values and printed the results in a table.
What are the five generations of computing?
What are the five generations of computing?
The "five generations of computing" is a framework for assessing the entire history of computing and the key technological advancements throughout it.
The first generation, spanning the 1940s to the 1950s, covered vacuum tube-based machines. The second then progressed to incorporate transistor-based computing between the 50s and the 60s. In the 60s and 70s, the third generation gave rise to integrated circuit-based computing. We are now in between the fourth and fifth generations of computing, which are microprocessor-based and AI-based computing.
What is the most powerful computer in the world?
What is the most powerful computer in the world?
As of November 2023, the most powerful computer in the world is the Frontier supercomputer. The machine, which can reach a performance level of up to 1.102 exaFLOPS, ushered in the age of exascale computing in 2022 when it went online at Tennessee's Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF)
There is, however, a potentially more powerful supercomputer waiting in the wings in the form of the Aurora supercomputer, which is housed at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) outside of Chicago. Aurora went online in November 2023. Right now, it lags far behind Frontier, with performance levels of just 585.34 petaFLOPS (roughly half the performance of Frontier), although it's still not finished. When work is completed, the supercomputer is expected to reach performance levels higher than 2 exaFLOPS.
What was the first killer app?
What was the first killer app?
Killer apps are widely understood to be those so essential that they are core to the technology they run on. There have been so many through the years – from Word for Windows in 1989 to iTunes in 2001 to social media apps like WhatsApp in more recent years
Several pieces of software may stake a claim to be the first killer app, but there is a broad consensus that VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program created by VisiCorp and originally released for the Apple II in 1979, holds that title. Steve Jobs even credits this app for propelling the Apple II to become the success it was,
1943 - British "Bombe," Used To Decode The Enigma Machine
The "Bombe" was used to decode the German coding device known as the "Enigma" machine. It was developed by Alan Turing at the British codebreaking center known as Bletchley Park.
1944 - Harvard Mark 1
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The first of four large protocomputers developed by Harvard University professor Howard Aiken. Based on a 19th century "computer" called the Analytical Engine, the computer was one of the first to use electromagnetic relay circuits instead of plugboards to streamline the moving of data.
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1950 - ERA 1101, Aka UNIVAC 1101
Photo:
Public Domain
Manufactured by Remington-Rand for the US Government's NSA, this machine was 38 feet long and 20 feet wide, and also was based on the design of the first stored-program computer in the United States.
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1952 - UNIVAC 1
Photo:
Public Domain
The UNIVAC 1 was developed by what ultimately became the Sperry-Rand Corporation for the US Department of the Census. This machine helped compute large sets of numerical data. UNIVAC is an acronym for Universal Automatic Computer. Fun fact, it appeared with Walter Cronkite in 1952 to predict the presidential election that year, where it correctly predicted Eisenhower.
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1954 - IBM 701
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The IBM 701 was the first IBM computer manufactured in quantity. It was used primarily by US defense, nuclear research and weather agencies. Hosting Arthur Samuel's virtual checkers program, the IBM 701 was the first computer to host "artificial intelligence."
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1962 - IBM 1401
Photo:
Public Domain
The IBM 1401 was the first reasonably affordable, commercial computer produced by IBM. Thousands of these units were sold or rented as a cheaper alternative to larger, more expensive IBM predecessors. The first computer to sell 10,000 units, the IBM cost $2,500-a-month to run smoothly.
1965 - CDC 6600
After computer genius Seymour Clay threatened to leave CDC, they provided him with a laboratory to pursue his own work. The result, the Control Data's CDC 6600, which surpassed IBM and established Control Data as the manufacturer of the world's fastest computer. It included 100 miles of wiring, all installed by hand.
1968 - HP 9100 A
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The HP 9100 A was the first desktop, a "personal computer" that operated like a calculator. It was manufactured by the Hewlett-Packard corporation.
1969 - Nova Minicomputer
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Released by Data General, the Nova Minicomputer had 32 KB of memory and cost $8,000, and served as a template for future developers like Apple.
1973 - Wang 2200
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The Wang 2200 was the first personal computer developed by Wang, Inc; previously the company manufactured electronic calculators. A huge success, the Wang 2200 allowed Wang to continue making computers for another 20 years.
Actors Who Played Classic Movie Characters On TV - And Nailed It
1977 - Apple II
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The Apple II computer became one of the most popular Apple computers ever and was a vast improvement over the Apple I. One of the first models with a color display, the Apple II also came with a keyboard, another novelty at the time.
1981 - IBM PC
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Public Domain
The IBM 5150 Personal Computer was IBM's first desktop personal computer product and coined the term "PC."
1982 - Commodore 64
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The Commodore 64 was the most popular personal computer ever manufactured and sold 30 million units in a little more than a decade. Its focus was on entertainment software.
1984 - Apple Macintosh
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The Apple Macintosh was the first computer to use a picture-driven screen and further established Apple as a leader in the field of personal computers.
1992 - Apple Mac Portable
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The Apple Mac Portable was the first portable Macintosh released and introduced battery powered computers into the consumer marketplace. At the time it retailed for a whopping $6,500 dollars, a value today of $12,500, aka 6 Macbook Pros.
2003 - HP Pavillion
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The HP Pavillion was the first desktop computer designed for use in the home. Its monitor, keyboard, computer tower and printer capability would become and industry standard in the home desktop computer market.
2006 - Mac Book Pro
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The Macbook Pro was the next evolution of Apple laptops, incorporating its uniquely thin design into a much more portable, personal computing device. An important piece of selfie culture, it was also Apple's first laptop with a built-in camera.
2008 - Mac Book Air
The Mac Book Air was a less powerful cheaper alternative to other more expensive options like the Mac Book Pro. It used a less powerful microprocessor and smaller screen to obtain a lower price.
https://www.ranker.com/list/photos-of-the-evolution-of-computers/philgibbons
Part 2 Q n A History of Computer
1. Who is known as the "Father of Computers"?
A) Alan Turing
B) Charles Babbage
C) John von Neumann
D) Steve Jobs
Answer: b) Charles Babbage
2.What was the first electronic computer called?
A) ENIAC
B) UNIVAC
C) IBM 701
D) PDP-1
Answer: a) ENIAC
3.Who developed the concept of the stored-program computer?
A) John von Neumann
B) Charles Babbage
C) Alan Turing
D) Bill Gates
Answer: a) John von Neumann
4.The first computer virus was created in which year?
A) 1975
B) 1983
C) 1986
D) 1991
Answer: c) 1986
5.Who founded Microsoft in 1975?
A) Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
B) Larry Page and Sergey Brin
C) Bill Gates and Paul Allen
D) Mark Zuckerberg and Eduardo Saverin
Answer: c) Bill Gates and Paul Allen
6.Which machine was used for code-breaking during World War II?
A) ENIAC
B) Colossus
C) UNIVAC
D) IBM System/360
Answer: b) Colossus
7.The "Apple I" computer was released in which year?
A) 1972
B) 1976
C) 1980
D) 1984
Answer: b) 1976
8.The first graphical web browser was called:
A) Internet Explorer
B) Mosaic
C) Netscape
D) Opera
Answer: b) Mosaic
9.What was IBM's first personal computer called?
A) IBM 650
B) IBM PC
C) IBM 1401
D) IBM 1130
Answer: b) IBM PC
10.Who is credited with developing the first compiler for programming languages?
A) Ada Lovelace
B) Grace Hopper
C) Alan Turing
D) John Backus
Answer: b) Grace Hopper
11.Which company introduced the first microprocessor?
A) IBM
B) Intel
C) AMD
D) Motorola
Answer: b) Intel
12.The World Wide Web was invented by:
A) Larry Page
B) Tim Berners-Lee
C) Bill Gates
D) Steve Jobs
Answer: b) Tim Berners-Lee
13.Which programming language was created by John McCarthy in 1958?
A) FORTRAN
B) COBOL
C) Lisp
D) BASIC
Answer: c) Lisp
14.The floppy disk was introduced by which company?
A) IBM
B) Apple
C) Microsoft
D) Intel
Answer: a) IBM
15.The first commercially successful portable computer was called:
A) IBM PC
B) Osborne 1
C) Compaq Portable
D) Macintosh
Answer: b) Osborne 1
16.Who developed the Linux operating system?
A) Bill Gates
B) Linus Torvalds
C) Steve Jobs
D) Richard Stallman
Answer: b) Linus Torvalds
17.What year was the first iPhone released?
A) 2005
B) 2007
C) 2009
D) 2010
Answer: b) 2007
18.Which was the first programming language ever developed?
A) FORTRAN
B) COBOL
C) Assembly
D) Ada
Answer: d) Ada
19.The "QWERTY" keyboard layout was invented by:
A) Christopher Sholes
B) Thomas Edison
C) Alexander Graham Bell
D) Charles Babbage
Answer: a) Christopher Sholes
20.Which computer was known as the first computer to use transistors?
A) IBM 1401
B) UNIVAC II
C) PDP-1
D) IBM 701
Answer: b) UNIVAC II
In which decade was the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, created?
a) 1950s
b) 1960s
c) 1970s
d) 1980s
Answer: b) 1960sWhat was the name of the first spreadsheet software for PCs?
a) Excel
b) Lotus 1-2-3
c) VisiCalc
d) SuperCalc
Answer: c) VisiCalcThe "Ctrl+Alt+Delete" command was popularized by which operating system?
a) Windows 95
b) Windows NT
c) MS-DOS
d) Windows 3.1
Answer: d) Windows 3.1What was the primary programming language used for early IBM computers?
a) FORTRAN
b) COBOL
c) Assembly
d) BASIC
Answer: a) FORTRANThe first email was sent by:
a) Bill Gates
b) Steve Jobs
c) Ray Tomlinson
d) Tim Berners-Lee
Answer: c) Ray TomlinsonThe computer mouse was invented by:
a) Steve Jobs
b) Douglas Engelbart
c) Bill Gates
d) Alan Turing
Answer: b) Douglas EngelbartWhich company developed the Java programming language?
a) Microsoft
b) Sun Microsystems
c) Oracle
d) IBM
Answer: b) Sun MicrosystemsWhich computer was the first to come with a hard disk?
a) IBM 1401
b) IBM 305 RAMAC
c) Apple Lisa
d) Commodore 64
Answer: b) IBM 305 RAMACThe binary system used in computers consists of which two digits?
a) 1 and 10
b) 0 and 1
c) 0 and 9
d) 1 and 2
Answer: b) 0 and 1Which of the following is an early computer that used vacuum tubes?
a) IBM PC
b) Apple II
c) ENIAC
d) Commodore 64
Answer: c) ENIACWhich programming language is known as the "mother of all languages"?
a) BASIC
b) Assembly
c) FORTRAN
d) COBOL
Answer: c) FORTRANWhich was the first company to mass-produce personal computers?
a) IBM
b) Apple
c) Commodore
d) HP
Answer: c) CommodoreWhat does the acronym "WWW" stand for?
a) World Web Wave
b) World Wide Web
c) Web World Wide
d) Web Wide World
Answer: b) World Wide WebWhich computer was the first to use a graphical user interface (GUI)?
a) IBM PC
b) Xerox Alto
c) Apple II
d) Commodore 64
Answer: b) Xerox AltoWhich company popularized the term "Personal Computer"?
a) Apple
b) IBM
c) Microsoft
d) Xerox
Answer: b) IBMWho is known as the inventor of the World Wide Web?
a) Vinton Cerf
b) Larry Page
c) Tim Berners-Lee
d) Marc Andreessen
Answer: c) Tim Berners-LeeWhat was the first successful graphical operating system?
a) Windows 3.1
b) Macintosh System Software
c) MS-DOS
d) OS/2
Answer: b) Macintosh System SoftwareWhich of these storage devices is non-volatile?
a) RAM
b) ROM
c) Cache
d) Registers
Answer: b) ROMWhich early computer was known as the “Giant Brain”?
a) Mark I
b) UNIVAC
c) ENIAC
d) Colossus
Answer: c) ENIACWho founded Apple Inc. along with Steve Jobs?
a) Bill Gates
b) Paul Allen
c) Steve Wozniak
d) Larry Ellison
Answer: c) Steve Wozniak
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