Over the summer, I’ve been very busy. I traveled to Texas, played soccer and volleyball, and hung out with my friends. Obviously though, Texas was my favorite part of it. After a series of many “unfortunate” events, I got to travel by myself all the way there to spend some time with my uncle. This year, obviously when it’s not summer, I’m going to be shifting my focus more towards studying for the SAT and getting the best grades I could. My favorite sports include soccer, volleyball, basketball, and tennis. Over the summer, my church dedicates Tuesdays to playing volleyball or basketball as a youth group. Also, we got to participate in a sports tournament with the many churches in Syracuse and ended up winning first place for all of them. There are multiple things you’d be surprised to know about me! For starters, I teach kids, usually around 3/4 grade, hymns in my church. I enjoy spending time with these kids and getting to understand the way they think. Another thing you might not know about me is that I went to a French private school in Egypt until I was 10. As a matter of fact, my mom used to teach in that same school so I was known as the “teacher’s son.” Last but not least, I’m hoping to become an ophthalmologist one day. As a matter of fact, my research topic for Science Research used to be age related eye diseases. Unfortunately, I had to switch my topic on my quest to find a mentor.
I enjoy having good grades. I feel like that’s usually my main goal in school- get good grades! Not only am I doing it for future colleges to look at, but I’m also doing it for myself so that I can see that my hard work in all the classes is paying off. My favorite memory of school inside the classroom is when my French teacher had us play the “olympics.” Honestly, I’ve left school the past 2 years with French being one of my favorite subjects! The teacher made the class quite interesting and engaging. My outside of the classroom memory is when, as a Science Research class, we went to UAlbany for the JSHS symposium. It was a fun experience with plenty of good memories. I got to see some of my college friends as well as some impressive presentations/ topics. My favorite part of it though was when one of the judges ran out of ideas to ask the presenter so she asked her to define independent and dependent variables…
The thing that motivates me the most in school is the idea of getting into a good college. Another thing is I hate seeing my grade drop so I try my best to stay motivated. I love that school has multiple classes that offer different aspects. For example, besides the core classes, the school offers art classes, music classes, research classes such as EMC and Science Research, and a variety of other subjects. I’m not sure I really hate anything about school. As for EMC, I heard great things about it from my friends and cousin! I originally hoped to do it last year but had too much going on in my schedule so I couldn’t. I’m interested in researching topics that are not necessarily STEM related, which is exactly what EMC offers!
There are many reasons why I’m so invested in the topic. First, because of my religion, I learned how to read and understand some of the Coptic words. In addition, I’m very interested in the topic because it’s an ancient language that only one village in Egypt still speaks. I already know many things about my project, some of which are that Coptic is the final stage of the hierarchy. Also, I know that Coptic was used to help people better understand hieroglyphics. In addition, I know that Coptic is used in liturgical practices in the Coptic Orthodox Church. I have many questions about the topic but I'm really passionate about the topic of the Coptic language for several reasons. Firstly, due to my religious background, I've been able to learn how to read and understand some of the Coptic words. Additionally, I find the topic fascinating because it's an ancient language that is only spoken in one village in Egypt. I already have a wealth of knowledge about the subject, including the fact that Coptic is the final stage of hieroglyphics and was used to help people better understand hieroglyphics. What's more, I'm aware that Coptic is used in liturgical practices in the Coptic Orthodox Church. I have a few questions related to the topic, such as how challenging it is to learn Coptic and use it in conversation, and how difficult it is to determine if a Coptic word has Greek roots. I'm also curious about the history of the Coptic language, whether any notable texts or literature have been written in Coptic, and the unique grammar and syntax features of the language. The five topic-related questions I have right now are how difficult is it for a person to learn Coptic and use it in a conversation? Secondly, how hard is it to know if the Coptic word is from Greek roots? In addition, I wonder what is the history of the Coptic language? Also, I wonder if there are any notable texts or literature written in Coptic? Lastly, what are some of the key features of Coptic grammar and syntax?
I am looking to investigate how the Coptic language has prevailed over many generations and is still spoken by some people. In addition, I am looking forward to learning about the grammatical rules that the Coptic language has. Also, I am looking to investigate the history and the origin behind the Coptic language as of now I know that it is the final stage of the ancient Egyptian language but I want to have a better understanding of the evolution of the Egyptian language and how it affected the creation of the Coptic language. In addition, I am looking to investigate Coptic Literature and the revival of the Coptic language. Also, I am looking forward to investigating the challenges the Coptic language faced while being preserved over many generations. Lastly, I have an urgency to learn about the influence of the Coptic language on many other languages particularly Arabic and this is due to its historical presence in Egypt.
I know that Coptic is descended from the language of the pharaohs and evolved through historical influences. Also, I know that Christianity played a crucial role in shaping Coptic into its modern form. In addition, Maurice advocates for the revival of Coptic as a spoken language in her family. Furthermore, I know that Individuals like Iqladius Labib and Habib Girgis helped preserve Coptic and its grammar. Moreover, Hany Takla founded organizations to promote Coptic culture and language. In addition, I know that Coptic is becoming a unifying identity for some Egyptians, emphasizing an ethnic connection to ancient Egypt. Also, I know that the Coptic resurgence connects modern Egyptians to their ancient heritage. (Preserving the Coptic Language) Lastly, I know that Coptic was influenced by Greek due to Alexander the Great's conquest in the 4th century BCE and until now many letters in the Coptic alphabet are from the Greek alphabet (precisely 25 of the Coptic letters are modified from Greek letters). (The Coptic Language)
10 things I don't know/ gaps in knowledge I have about the Coptic language:
I don’t know many of the grammatical rules that are for some of the Coptic letters
I don’t know how many of the Coptic letters developed
I don’t know how the pronunciation of many Coptic letters evolved
I don’t know how to read Coptic as fast as English
I don’t know how to have a conversation using the Coptic language
I don’t know how to understand full sentences in Coptic
I don’t know if it is possible to have a full conversation in Coptic
I don't know all of the great rich history that Coptic holds
I don’t know how many Coptic dialects exist
I don’t know how Coptic influenced the development of other languages
I have determined that from my list of 10 “don’t know”, I need to know all the proper pronunciation and rules of Coptic letters and words. This is important for a variety of reasons, mainly because in order to become good at a language and have a great understanding of it you need to know the proper grammatical rules and the way to pronounce words. In addition, I determined that I need to know how Coptic has influenced the development of other languages. This is important for a multitude of reasons. First, knowing the effects of the Coptic language on other languages helps me better understand how significant Coptic was back then. Secondly, knowing the influence of the Coptic language on other languages helps me better understand how much more history Coptic can hold. The last thing I have determined I need to know is how to have a full conversation with the Coptic language. This is very important for me because I come from the Coptic Orthodox Church and I want to be able to talk in the language that is commonly used in my church for liturgical prayers.
What is the history of the Coptic Language?
As it is commonly known, the famous ancient Egyptian language is hieroglyphics. Now, it is important to understand how the Egyptians transitioned from Hieroglyphics to Coptic. Upon his invasion of Egypt in 313 BC, Alexander the Great spread a decree that regulated a universal culture across his empire. Obviously, a small fraction of culture is language, and hence, Greek/Hellenistic was introduced in Egypt. As opposed to Demotic (the latest form of Hieroglyphic script), Greek was better since it offered 24 pronounceable letters as opposed to the existing 400 symbols (Takla).
Through frequent trade and other things, the Egyptians revised the Greek orthography and added a small number of written vowels, therefore, giving birth to the Coptic Language. Coptic, in essence, means Egyptian and is derived from the Greek word Aigyptos (Αιγυπτος). Eventually throughout time, and as St. Mark came to Egypt to preach Christianity, Coptic came to be an “Egyptian Christian” language. As the Arab invaders entered Egypt, Egyptians were forced to learn Arabic in order to keep their governmental jobs (Rafik). However, by the 11th century, Hakem-bi-Amr-Allah became a ruler over Egypt. He was a very violent ruler who strongly opposed Christianity. His strategy for diminishing the religion began by diminishing the use of Coptic. He prohibited it and constantly closed the churches for up to 2 years. Later on, as the Arab-Crusades wars began, Arabs in Egypt viewed the Copts as allies of the Crusaders, increasing their persecution (Takla). Despite all of this, the Coptic language continued to live on. Up until the 17th century, it was the prominent language in Upper Egypt (Rafik).
My SDA addressed the evolution of the Coptic language. I used this as a primer for my audience. During my research for this, my curiosity was piqued as I read more Coptic language and how it has evolved originally from hieroglyphics. I would like to explore this further; therefore my need to know is “The advancements and developments of each Coptic letter in the Coptic language and its significance.”
Three subquestions I have are:
1. How does Coptic grammar differ from other Afroasiatic languages?
2. What are the most significant changes that Coptic grammar has undergone over time?
3. How has the study of Coptic grammar contributed to our understanding of ancient Egyptian culture and society?
I chose the "NEED TO KNOW" about Coptic grammar and its significance for several reasons. Firstly, Coptic is a crucial language in the study of ancient Egypt, as it was the final stage of the Egyptian language and provides valuable insights into the transition from hieroglyphics to later Egyptian languages. Secondly, Coptic is part of the Afroasiatic language family, and understanding its grammar can shed light on linguistic evolution in this diverse language group. My sub-questions stem from these motivations. For the first question, how does Coptic grammar differ from other Afroasiatic languages? This question emerged from my curiosity about the unique features of Coptic within its language family. I would explore sources on comparative linguistics and the Afroasiatic family tree to understand these differences. For the second question, what are the most significant changes that Coptic grammar has undergone over time? This question aims to trace the historical development of Coptic grammar. I would rely on historical linguistics sources and diachronic studies of Coptic to answer this. And for the third question how has the study of Coptic grammar contributed to our understanding of ancient Egyptian culture and society?** This question underscores the cultural and historical significance of Coptic. To answer this, I would explore sources on Egyptology, archaeology, and the use of Coptic in religious texts. Research would require consulting academic works, linguistic databases, and archaeological findings. Key sources might include books by linguists like James Peter Allen and Wolfhart Westendorf, as well as publications from Egyptologists such as Zahi Hawass and Kent Weeks. Diachronic studies of Coptic grammar and comparative linguistics works would also be essential. Overall, the study of Coptic grammar is not only linguistically fascinating but also an invaluable window into the past, enriching our understanding of ancient Egyptian culture and its place in the Afroasiatic language family.
“The advancements and developments of each Coptic letter in the Coptic language and its significance.” is my NEED TO KNOW. I believe this falls into the analysis domain of the HOTQs. I say this because some of the question starters such as “What is the theme…?”, and “What motive is there…?” are similar to my question. I can research evidence/facts to show the evolution of Coptic letters and, based on research that has been compiled, I can draw connections to the relationship evolution of many of the purely Coptic letters. A for my sub-questions:
How does the evolution of Coptic letters reflect the cultural, religious, and linguistic developments of the Coptic people, and what can we learn from the script's adaptation and persistence throughout history?
How have Coptic letters evolved, and what historical influences contributed to these changes in their form and structure?
What role did the Coptic alphabet play in preserving and transmitting the Coptic language, and how did it adapt to accommodate the phonetics and sounds unique to Coptic?
My NEED TO KNOW changed very little. I still think it is the most important question driving this month’s research. However, my sub-questions that fuel that research changed a bit upon further reading of the HOTQs. My first sub-question is. “How does the evolution of Coptic letters reflect the cultural, religious, and linguistic developments of the Coptic people, and what can we learn from the script's adaptation and persistence throughout history?” is an open question that brings me closer to my NEED TO KNOW.
I think the best sub-question to help fuel my NEED TO KNOW is “How does the evolution of Coptic letters reflect the cultural, religious, and linguistic developments of the Coptic people, and what can we learn from the script's adaptation and persistence throughout history?” This will help me attempt to answer the NEED TO KNOW of “The advancements and developments of each Coptic letter in the Coptic language and its significance.” because it explicitly furthers into the topic and gives me more information.
Significance/So What: Understanding Coptic grammar is crucial for the study of Coptic language, as it enables scholars to decipher ancient Coptic texts, which are vital for understanding the history and culture of Egypt during the early Christian period. Essential questions about Coptic grammar help researchers gain insights into the linguistic evolution and cultural context of Coptic-speaking communities.
Perspective/Point of View: Coptic grammar primarily affects linguists, Egyptologists, historians, and researchers interested in early Christian literature and Egyptian culture. It allows them to interpret and analyze Coptic manuscripts, providing access to a rich source of information about the religious, social, and linguistic aspects of the time.
Evidence: The significance of Coptic grammar is evident through the vast number of Coptic texts and manuscripts that have been discovered, including biblical texts, religious writings, and documents related to daily life in ancient Egypt. Scholars and institutions specializing in Egyptology, such as the Egypt Exploration Society and the Coptic Studies Association, dedicate resources to the study and preservation of Coptic language and grammar.
Connections: Coptic grammar has connections to various subject areas, including linguistics, history, religious studies, archaeology, and cultural anthropology. It sheds light on the transition from ancient Egyptian to Coptic, providing valuable insights into the broader linguistic landscape of the region during the early Christian era.
Supposition: How might it be different if Coptic grammar had not been studied? Without a thorough understanding of Coptic grammar, many ancient texts and cultural insights from early Christian Egypt would remain indecipherable. The absence of Coptic grammar study would limit our ability to access this rich historical and linguistic heritage, hindering our understanding of the development of Coptic Christianity and the evolution of language in Egypt.
One of the main reasons why this podcast is so important to my topic and also Kiran’s topic is because it covers eight experiments with translations. This topic is similar and almost the same as my topic but also it is very similar to Kiran’s topic. In addition, it is very significant because it answers a critical question: what are the challenges when translating text from one language to another and what are some difficulties, flaws, and unsatisfactory results that might arise when translating texts? Also, I find it particularly important how text may lose its meaning or its value when it is translated into another language. I find this similar to what sometimes happens with certain words in the Coptic language. This is shown in the example that they give “Rhyme. You know, AA, BB, CC, DD”. Many texts such as the Biblical book of Isiah when it was translated from Hebrew to many languages lost its poetic value.
This affects all people from different cultures. For example, this affects the Coptic Egyptians when they translate some of their liturgical hymns to different languages which makes them less deep/ spiritual and makes them carry less of a meaning. Another group of people that this affects is Christians in general. As previously mentioned the book of Isiah was written in Hebrew as a poetic book but when it was translated into different languages it lost its value. In addition, this affects people who have similar word pronunciations but different meanings for the word itself.
Some evidence that I cite to prove their point is found directly in the evolution of the Coptic language. When further examining the Coptic language you notice that due to many languages entering Egypt, some Coptic has changed. An example of this is Boharic Coptic, which is claimed by some people to be the original Coptic language but there is no evidence to prove it. These people believe that the introduction of other languages in Egypt such as Arabic influenced the Coptic pronunciation of letters and words that we have today. Another piece of evidence to prove their point is when translating an English poem written by Douglas Hofstadter’s mom, words like “jam” or “ham” might ruin the meaning and value of the poem when it is translated into another language. Another piece of evidence which is proposed by Greg Warner is the word “serious”. This word in East Africa has almost nothing to do with your mood. This is unlike the word serious in English, which provides us with clear evidence that an important word that could be used in something very crucial could lose its meaning when it is translated. Another piece of evidence that appeals better to the audience's understanding is when Jad says “Like, instead of AT, CG, AC, Gamow thought maybe it's ATA, CCG, TCA”. This gives people a better understanding of the issues when translating a language.
I admire this quote that Douglas Hofstadter said: “I mean, knowing Chopin is a very complex thing. It's not one thing. It's millions of different things that are united by analogy into something that we refer to as one thing”. This quote shows how not only does translation affect our view of the language or the culture but it also affects our view of the people who were responsible for these things being written. This connects to other fields just as a journalist asks someone a question. For example when an Ethiopian journalist asked John Kerry asking him “are you serious about this'' in his eyes he meant something along the lines of “Are you doing something?" Preferably like a financial transaction” but from the perspective of John Kerry he took the question with the American meaning of the word “serious' '.
In conclusion, I believe that it is nearly impossible to think of when translating a language that could be different in the sense that the new translation doesn’t lose the value of the old translation. We can see this evident in many examples that were previously provided. After further discussion with my pattern, we found 3 themes that are common between my topic, Kiran’s topic, and the podcast. These three topics are Linguistic diversity, Language as an identity, and communication.
The theme that Kiran and I have decided will drive our podcast is Communication. We chose this theme because it connects to both of our topics and allows us to explore our topics uniquely and especially befitting each person’s topic. Since my topic is about the Grammar and rules of the Coptic language communication is a key theme evident within my topic. Communication is shown to be significant in the podcast. Lastly, the reason why we chose this theme is because we are both researching topics related to religion and both of our topics heavily rely on communication.
Kiran and I have agreed to use SoundTrap to create our podcast. The reason behind this rationality is that SoundTrap allows us both to edit and work on the same project at different times and from different devices. In addition, we chose SoundTrap because of its advanced features which will allow us to create the podcast smoothly. These features will be beneficial for both of us if we are unable to meet in person.
My essential question is regarding how Coptic grammar has evolved and how this evolution had an effect on communication using the Coptic language. Furthermore, I’m interested in knowing if any Coptic words have evolved to change the meaning of the word itself thus, resulting in a difference in communication. This connects to the theme that we chose because we both have decided on communication as our theme and this doesn’t only cover the theme of communication but also the theme of evolution of a language. My need-to-know/ essential question is relevant to my partner's topic because Kiran’s topic mainly focuses on religion with the theme of communication being at the center of her topic therefore, this essential question connects both to my topic and Kiran’s topic.
One of the reasons why this article is because it is so important to my research. This is because rather than what most of the other sources on the database talk about (which is the Coptic language) this article focuses on the grammar of the Coptic language. This being an interest of mine this article has held huge significance to me. In addition, this article is important because it provides me with more future sources to explore my topic and gain more knowledge about it. This article affects many people much more than people would anticipate. Many may think this research only affects Coptic Christians but in reality, it can affect many historians by helping them gain a deeper understanding of the hieroglyphic language since Coptic has evolved from hieroglyphic. In addition, many people who are studying religion could be interested in this article which provides a better understanding for people about an ancient religion. Also, this article provides people who are interested in understanding more about the Early Christian culture with a lot of information. This article helps me prove my point that it covers Sahidic Coptic in detail. This offers a valuable resource for me to learn more about the Coptic grammar. This article connects to many other fields. Some of these fields include literature, religious studies, and history. This article provides people who are interested in literature because it offers the reader unique narratives and expressions that are from Early Egyptian Christians. Also, this article connects to people who are interested in religious studies by providing them with knowledge about a language that when explored has many deep and rich theologies, doctrines, and practices. In addition, this article provides history for the reader that dates back to ancient Egyptians. I’m looking forward to learning more about Coptic grammar and I wish this article went a little more in-depth about the richness of Coptic grammar and some of the letter rules.
I’m wondering, within the Coptic language, why there are different dialects, especially since these dialects are both found within the motherland of the language (Egypt) and why one is more correct. The reason why I chose this is because I find it very essential to understand why there are different dialects of the language I’m researching. In addition, I find it important because this could give me a greater understanding of the language. By researching this I will find results that many people who can read Coptic and speak it do not even know about it, therefore, this need to know is not only going to benefit me but also is going to benefit many Coptic people. Also, this is going to tell Coptic people why one is a more accurate dialect of the Coptic language. Finally, by knowing the answer to this question many other questions that I’m wondering about could be answered. For my SDA I’m planning to either do the Ripple effect (taking an event and seeing how this event changed the Coptic language) or the documentary. I chose this because the ripple effect could show how one event such as the introduction of Islam to Egypt could have affected the dialects of the Coptic language. Also, I chose the documentary as an SDA because it will be a nice and beneficial way to answer my next question while also presenting the information in a likable and professional way.
While taking a look at the 5Cs (which are collaboration, creativity, critical thinking, communication, and curiosity) I would like to improve my curiosity skills upon this SDA. The two SDAs that I chose in my last post will help me improve my curiosity skills because they will push me to answer many questions that I have about the Coptic language while simultaneously adding more questions for me to research about Coptic. After further thought about the SDA, I have decided to do an information SDA, specifically a documentary. The reason why I chose this is because I find this a convenient, professional, and interesting way to present information about the Coptic language. In addition, I find this way of displaying the information the best option out of the other SDAs. I would like my SDA to be aesthetically pleasing to the eye (eye-catching) but also keep a sense of professionalism. In addition, I would like this SDA to be very informative to the reader, providing the reader with a lot of knowledge about the Coptic language and specifically why there are different dialects of the Coptic language. Also, I hope this SDA provides the reader with a feeling of excitement about the topic (hoping that they would become as curious about the topic and would like questions answered in the Coptic language). I find my essential question very important to address for many sets of reasons. First, because it will provide Coptic people with more information about the language. Also, by answering my essential question this can not only help Coptic people but could also help historians figure out why some ancient languages might have different dialects. I’m planning to answer my essential question but using many different sources. Some of these include credible people who researched the Coptic language, databases, sites, and journals written by Coptic scholars. Two of the sources include “A New Coptic Grammar '' by Depuydt Leo and “The Coptic Language” by Father Kyrillos Makar. In addition, I’m planning on interviewing multiple Coptic scholars to gain knowledge from them. Additionally, I’m hoping to change the belief that there is only one dialect in the Coptic language. (many people do not know that there are two). In addition, I would like to prove the credibility of one over the other.
Hello my name is Youhanna Abdelnour. I'm a junior at Guilderland High School. This year I studied the richness of Coptic history. First, I would like to thank all of the audience and my teachers for this great opportunity, It's a great honor to be presenting the research that I have conducted throughout the school year. Many people may know about hymnology, theology, and even christology but have you ever heard about Coptology? Coptology in simple definition is the scientific study of the Coptic people. Coptology is a valuable field of study that helps us to understand the rich language and culture of the Coptic community. Coptology is unique because it focuses on Coptic people which makes it unique from other studies of ancient Egypt. One of the most significant benefits of Coptology is that it helps researchers explore the diverse heritage and identity of the Coptic people. Thus, resulting in a better understanding of their history and traditions. By studying Coptology can better understand the way of life, beliefs, and culture of the Coptic community (which is a very essential part of understanding ancient Egyptian history). In addition, Coptology can be a useful tool for those working in fields related to Egyptology, archaeology, history, linguistics, and religion. It provides a unique perspective on the Coptic language. Studying Coptology is an excellent way to learn about the Coptic people, their culture, and their contributions to ancient Egyptian history. Egyptian history, including the Coptic language, is rich and ancient and should be taught in schools.
Hook: Imagine a bucket of sand filled to the brim compared to the desert of Egypt. No matter how much sand is in that bucket it is nothing compared to the whole desert. Well, this is the number of people who know the Coptic language compared to the entire world population. (other hooks could potentially replace it)
Why should the audience listen to you? I believe that you should listen to what I have to say about the ancient language Coptic for many reasons. First, the Coptic language has a rich history and unique features, unlike other languages. Secondly, it is important to understand and preserve as it provides people with a better understanding of the ancient culture and religion of Egypt. Lastly, by listening to me you will gain a new appreciation for the beauty, complexity, and richness of Coptic.
What are the personal connections you have to the topic? I have many personal connections to the Coptic language. I was born into a Coptic Orthodox family that was deeply rooted in the church. At a young age, I learned the grammatical rules and how to read this ancient treasure. Even today, I continue to use this language in my church during every service.
Establish Logos - 3 Main Points with supporting evidence
Coptic represents the final stage of the development of the Egyptian tongue: Cyrus Gordon says that the Coptic language is "an unbroken tradition of Egyptian texts spanning about 5000 years". The Coptic language was the spoken language in Egypt until the 11th Century when it was gradually replaced by Arabic. There are some historical records indicating that it was still the spoken language in some areas of Upper Egypt until the 17th century 19 and until today there is a village “Deir al-Maymun” that still speaks Coptic.
Even if it’s not spoken it is a critical language and essential language: It still lives on in the hundreds of words in the Egyptian Arabic dialect spoken every day in Egypt. The Bible was translated into the Coptic language (around the second century) by the Egyptian scholars of the theological School of Alexandria, who were very fluent in both Greek and Coptic. Therefore, the Coptic translation is considered one of the most reliable and accurate translations available. Many of the fathers of Christianity wrote their sayings in Coptic alongside Greek (St. Anthony & St. Shenouda the archimandrite)
The importance of Coptology: It encompasses a wide range of disciplines (linguistics, archaeology, art history, theology, and anthropology. In addition, Played a crucial role in understanding Egypt’s cultural heritage, including the “decoding” of some hieroglyphics texts (such as the Rosetta Stone) and the preservation of ancient manuscripts
Conclusion: In conclusion the Coptic language, although an ancient language, is a chief cornerstone of Egyptian culture and history that has survived the test of time. Understanding this language and the culture of the Coptic people can provide us with new perspectives on ancient Egypt and it contributions to the world. The importance of studying Coptology can’t be emphasized enough, as it encompasses a wide range of disciples and has played a key role in preserving and decoding ancient texts that were once thought to be impossible to understand. Again I’m Youhanna Abdelnour and I would like to thank everyone who came here today! Now I would like to welcome Dylan who will be presenting about The Impact of War on Music.