Phonemic awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.
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Each sound in a word is called a phoneme, which are the building blocks of words and are important to building foundational reading skills.
A key step in developing fluent reading skills is helping children with phonemic awareness – the idea that phonemes (sounds) correspond to graphemes (letter sequences that signify sounds).
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Phonics is a method of instruction that helps children learn the alphabetic principle — the idea that letters represent the sounds of spoken language — and that there is an organized, logical, and predictable relationship between written letters and spoken sounds. Phonics instruction should be:
Systematic: the letter-sound relationship is taught in an organized and logical sequence
Explicit: the instruction provides teachers with precise directions for teaching letter-sound relationships
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A vocabulary is a set of familiar words that a person knows. Vocabulary learning is all about the words we need to know to both understand what we hear and read, and to communicate clearly and with precision. Usually developed with age, vocabulary is a useful and essential tool that helps children and adults to communicate and expand their knowledge.
Fluency is defined as the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. In order to understand what they read, children must be able to read fluently whether they are reading aloud or silently. When reading aloud, fluent readers read in phrases and add intonation appropriately. Their reading is smooth and has expression.
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