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The Central Dogma
The Central Dogma
What are the dangers of UV radiation?
What are the dangers of UV radiation?
RNA vs. DNA
RNA vs. DNA
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
Central Dogma
Central Dogma
Replication, Transcription & Translation
Replication, Transcription & Translation
Double Stranded Single Stranded
Transcription involves the copying of the information in DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) and translation involves ribosomes using the mRNA as a blueprint to synthesize a protein composed of amino acids.
Transcription involves the copying of the information in DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) and translation involves ribosomes using the mRNA as a blueprint to synthesize a protein composed of amino acids.
In easier terms: to transcribe, you copy from one medium to another, but when you translate, you are converting information into another language.
In easier terms: to transcribe, you copy from one medium to another, but when you translate, you are converting information into another language.
When transcribing from DNA to mRNA:
When transcribing from DNA to mRNA:
Adenine pairs with Uracil (A pairs with U)
Adenine pairs with Uracil (A pairs with U)
Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G pairs with C)
Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G pairs with C)
The three forms of RNA:
The three forms of RNA:
mRNA: (messenger RNA) the end product of transcription of a gene, mRNA is translated by ribosomes into protein
mRNA: (messenger RNA) the end product of transcription of a gene, mRNA is translated by ribosomes into protein
tRNA: (transfer RNA) a form of RNA that is responsible for delivering amino acids to the ribosomes during the process of translation
tRNA: (transfer RNA) a form of RNA that is responsible for delivering amino acids to the ribosomes during the process of translation
rRNA: (ribosomal RNA) a form of RNA that binds with ribosomal protein to form ribosomes
rRNA: (ribosomal RNA) a form of RNA that binds with ribosomal protein to form ribosomes
How to read a Codon Chart
How to read a Codon Chart
Start codon: specific codon (AUG) that signals to the ribosome that the translation starts at that point
Start codon: specific codon (AUG) that signals to the ribosome that the translation starts at that point
Stop codon: specific codons that signal the end of translation to a ribosome
Stop codon: specific codons that signal the end of translation to a ribosome
Codon: sequence of three bases in DNA or complementary mRNA that serves as a code for a particular amino acid
Codon: sequence of three bases in DNA or complementary mRNA that serves as a code for a particular amino acid
Anticodon: sequence complementary to that of a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence
Anticodon: sequence complementary to that of a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Example #1:
Example #1:
DNA: AGA CGG TAC CTC CGG TGG GTG CTT GTC TGT ATC CTT CTC AGT ATC
DNA: AGA CGG TAC CTC CGG TGG GTG CTT GTC TGT ATC CTT CTC AGT ATC
mRNA: UCU GCC AUG GAG GCC ACC CAC GAA CAG ACA UAG GAA GAG UCA UAG
mRNA: UCU GCC AUG GAG GCC ACC CAC GAA CAG ACA UAG GAA GAG UCA UAG
mRNA: UCU GCC AUG GAG GCC ACC CAC GAA CAG ACA UAG GAA GAG UCA UAG
mRNA:
Protein: start-glu-ala-thre-hist-asp-glu-threo-stop
Protein: start-glu-ala-thre-hist-asp-glu-threo-stop
Example #2:
Example #2:
DNA: CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC TAT TCT ATG ATT ACA CGG TTG CGA TCC
DNA: CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC TAT TCT ATG ATT ACA CGG TTG CGA TCC
mRNA: GGA GAA AUG UGU GCC UCC CAU GCG AUA AGA UAC UAA UGU GCC AAC GCU AGG
mRNA: GGA GAA AUG UGU GCC UCC CAU GCG AUA AGA UAC UAA UGU GCC AAC GCU AGG
mRNA: GGA GAA AUG UGU GCC UCC CAU GCG AUA AGA UAC UAA UGU GCC AAC GCU AGG
mRNA:
Protein: met (start)-cys-ala-ser-hist-ala-met-stop
Protein: met (start)-cys-ala-ser-hist-ala-met-stop
Example #3:
Example #3:
DNA: TAA ACT CGG TAC CTA GCT TAG ATC TAA TTA CCC ATC
DNA: TAA ACT CGG TAC CTA GCT TAG ATC TAA TTA CCC ATC
mRNA: AUU UGA GCC AUG GAU CGA AUC UAG AUU AAU GGG UAG
mRNA: AUU UGA GCC AUG GAU CGA AUC UAG AUU AAU GGG UAG
Protein: met-asp-arg-ile-stop
Protein: met-asp-arg-ile-stop
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