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alcohols
alcohols
Alcohols are organic compounds with the functional group OH (hydroxyl) bonded to a carbon.
Alcohols are organic compounds with the functional group OH (hydroxyl) bonded to a carbon.
Depending on which carbon the functional group is bonded to alcohols can be classed as
Depending on which carbon the functional group is bonded to alcohols can be classed as
*primary
*primary
* secondary
* secondary
*tertiary.
*tertiary.
alcohols - properties
alcohols - properties
solubility
solubility
Alcohols are polar molecules due to the permanent dipole caused by the OH group bonded to a Carbon - more specifically the unbonded pairs of electrons on the O and the fact there is a large electronegativity difference between the O and H. Due to this large difference in electronegativity alcohols hydrogen bond.
Alcohols are polar molecules due to the permanent dipole caused by the OH group bonded to a Carbon - more specifically the unbonded pairs of electrons on the O and the fact there is a large electronegativity difference between the O and H. Due to this large difference in electronegativity alcohols hydrogen bond.
For further clarification around electronegativity and polarity or scan the QR code or use the side navigation panel
Due to this ability to hydrogen bond with water low mass alcohols are infinitely soluble. As can be seen from the table above, with increasing length of carbon chain solubility decreases.
Due to this ability to hydrogen bond with water low mass alcohols are infinitely soluble. As can be seen from the table above, with increasing length of carbon chain solubility decreases.
melting and boiling points
melting and boiling points
Melting and boiling points are a function of types and amounts of Inter molecular forces - reminder!
Alcohols with fewer than 7 carbons in a chain are liquids at room temperature. As the number of carbons in the chain increases melting and boiling points increase, due to increasing inter molecular forces.
Alcohols with fewer than 7 carbons in a chain are liquids at room temperature. As the number of carbons in the chain increases melting and boiling points increase, due to increasing inter molecular forces.
Due to their ability to hydrogen bond to each other alcohols have higher melting and boiling points than their corresponding alkanes, although they are lower than their corresponding carboxylic acids.
Due to their ability to hydrogen bond to each other alcohols have higher melting and boiling points than their corresponding alkanes, although they are lower than their corresponding carboxylic acids.
alcohols - reactions
alcohols - reactions
THE MAIN REACTIONS ARE SHOWN BELOW
THE MAIN REACTIONS ARE SHOWN BELOW
alcohol reactions example - with CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
alcohol reactions example - with CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
important alcohol reaction - oxidation
important alcohol reaction - oxidation
PRIMARY ALCOHOLS ARE OXIDISED TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
PRIMARY ALCOHOLS ARE OXIDISED TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
At Level 2 chemistry we do not need to know about aldehydes and ketones
Doing the oxidation under reflux ensures all reactants are kept in the same vessel, with the condenser in a vertical position. This ensures the only product is the carboxylic acid
If oxidation is done under distillation, with the condenser in a horizontal position the intermediate product, an aldehyde, can be separated, due to differences in boiling points, and be collected
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