2. Syllabus

Chapter 1:

General Structure of the measurement system, Difference between Sensor, Transducer and Actuator, Classification of Transducer, Static Characteristics, Dynamic Characteristics, Determination of Absolute Quantity

Chapter 2:

Optoelectronics: Photoresistor, Photodiodes, Solar Cells, Phototransistors, Photothyristors, Optoisolator

Temperature Measurement: Thermocouples, Resistance Temperature Detectors, Thermistors, Radiant Temperature Sensors, ICs based Temperature Sensors, Fiber-optic Temperature Sensor

Chapter 3:

Displacement Measurement: Resistive Sensors: Potentiometers, Strain gages (Bounded & Unbounded Strain gauges Semiconductor), Load Cell, Wheatstone Bridge Circuit, Biomedical Application of Strain Gages, Inductive displacement Sensors, Capacitive displacement Sensors, Piezoelectric Sensors.

Chapter 4:

Velocity Transducer: Ultrasonic (Doppler effect) linear velocity transducer, Electromagnetic linear velocity transducer, Angular velocity transducers, Flow Transducer: Units of flow, Types of Flows in physiological System, Differential pressure flow transducers(orifice), Variable area flow transducers (flowmeters or rotameters), Ultrasound flow transducers, Electromagnetic flow transducers

Chapter 5:

Pressure Transducer: Units of Pressure, Physiological Pressure Ranges and Measurement Sites, Direct Pressure Measurement: Catheters & Diaphragm type pressure Sensors, Catheter-Tip Pressure Sensor, Absolute Pressure Sensors for Implantable Devices, Intracranial Pressure Monitoring, Intraocular Pressure Monitoring, Intravascular Pressure Monitoring, Differential Pressure Measurements, Indirect Measurement of Systolic, Diastolic, and Mean Blood Pressure, Bourdon tubes

Motion Transducer: Units of Quantities, Objects of Measurements, Coordinate System, Displacement and Rotation Measurements by Contact Sensors, Noncontact Measurement of Displacement and Rotation

Chapter 6:

Chemical Measurement: Electrochemical Sensors: Electrode Potential and Reference Electrode, Potentiometric Sensors, Electrochemical Gas Sensors, Amperometric Sensors, Impedimetric Sensors

Optical Transducer: Transcutaneous Arterial Oxygen Saturation Monitoring: Beer-Lambert law, Principle of the functioning of pulse oximetry, Transmission configuration of pulse oximetry, IR light sources and detectors, Transmittance and reflectance pulse oximetry, Capnography: Electromechanics and solid-state transducers

Reference Books:

1. Biomedical Transducers & Instruments, By Tatsuo Togawa, Toshiyo Tamura, P. Ake Oberg. CRC Press, 2011.

2. Principles of Measurement & Transduction of Biomedical Variables, By Vera Lucia Da Silveira Nantes Button. Elsevier Inc, 2015

3. Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, John G. Webster, 4th Edition,2009