How do macroscopic observations provide a model of the microscopic properties of a substance?
How is energy transferred within and between systems?
How can observations of one physical quantity be used to determine the other properties of a system?
How is the understanding of systems applied to other areas of physics?
How can the phase change of water be used in the process of electricity generation?
What applications does the Stefan-Boltzmann law have in astrophysics and in the use of solar energy?
How can observations of one physical quantity allow for the determination of another? (NOS)
What role does the molecular model play in understanding other areas of physics? (NOS)
Where do inverse square law relationships appear in other areas of physics? (NOS)
How has international collaboration helped to develop the understanding of the nature of matter? (NOS)
molecular theory in solids, liquids and gases density ρ as given by ρ = m/V
that Kelvin and Celsius scales are used to express temperature
that the change in temperature of a system is the same when expressed with the Kelvin or Celsius scales
that temperature difference determines the direction of the resultant thermal energy transfer between bodies
that a phase change represents a change in particle behaviour arising from a change in energy at constant temperature
quantitative analysis of thermal energy transfers Q with the use of specific heat capacity c and specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization of substances L as given by Q = mcΔT and Q = mL
that conduction, convection and thermal radiation are the primary mechanisms for thermal energy transfer
conduction in terms of the difference in the kinetic energy of particles
quantitative analysis of rate of thermal energy transfer by conduction in terms of the type of material and cross-sectional area of the material and the temperature gradient
qualitative description of thermal energy transferred by convection due to fluid density differences
quantitative analysis of energy transferred by radiation as a result of the emission of electromagnetic waves from the surface of a body, which in the case of a black body can be modelled by the Stefan-Boltzmann law as given by L = σAT(^4), where L is the luminosity, A is the surface area and T is the absolute temperature of the body
the emission spectrum of a black body and the determination of the temperature of the body using Wien’s displacement law as given by λmaxT = 2 . 9 × 10(^−3)mK where λmax is the peak wavelength emitted.
