Further Resources

• National Organizations

  • Prison Policy Initiative

• Organizations in Michigan

  • Voting Access for All Coalition (VAAC)

  • Michigan Collaboration to end Mass Incarceration (MI-CEMI)

  • Nation Outside

  • Voters Not Politicians

  • CLOSUP (U-M)

  • MI Independent citizens Redistricting Commission

• Local & Regional Organizations

  • Washtenaw League of Women Voters

Behrens, Angela, Christopher Uggen, and Jeff Manza. 2003. “Ballot Manipulation and the ‘Menace of Negro Domination’: Racial Threat and Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States, 1850-2002.” American Journal of Sociology 109 (3): 559–605. https://doi.org/10.1086/378647.

Browne-Marshall, Gloria J. The voting rights war: The NAACP and the ongoing struggle for justice. Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.

Burch, Traci R. 2014. “Effects of Imprisonment and Community Supervision on Neighborhood Political Participation in North Carolina.” ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 651 (1): 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213503093.

Carroll, Wilson T. "Prison Gerrymandering Reform in Connecticut." Quinnipiac L. Rev. 38 (2019): 579.

Drake, John C. 2011. “Locked Up and Counted Out: Bringing an End to Prison-Based Gerrymandering.” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 37: 237–65.

Grofman, Bernard. "How Best to do Prison Population Data Reallocation, ie, How Best to Mitigate Prison Gerrymandering?." How Best to Mitigate Prison Gerrymandering (2021).

Hamsher, David. 2005. “Counted Out Twice: Power, Representation and the ‘Usual Residence Rule’ in the Enumeration of Prisoners: A State-Based Approach to Correcting Flawed Census Data.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 96: 299–328.

Ho, Dale. 2011. “Captive Constituents: Prison-Based Gerrymandering and the Current Redistricting Cycle.” Stanford Law Review 22: 355–94.

Holcomb, Lindsay. "Prison-Based Gerrymandering and the Systematic Dilution of Minority Political Voice." Princeton University Journal of Public and International Affairs (2017).

Lee, Hedwig, Lauren C. Porter, and Megan Comfort. 2014. “Consequences of Family Member Incarceration: Impacts on Civic Participation and Perceptions of the Legitimacy and Fairness of Government.” ANNALS of the American Academy of Political Science 651 (1): 44–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213502920.

Lotke, Eric, and Peter Wagner. 2004. “Prisoners of the Census: Electoral and Financial Consequences of Counting Prisoners Where They Go, Not Where They Come From.” Pace Law Review 24: 587–607.

Manza, Jeff, and Christopher Uggen. 2012. Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Miller, Jennifer. 2021. “The American Parole System Is an Endless Trap — and a Moral Outrage.” The Washington Post, May 24, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2021/05/24/moral-outrage-american-parole/.

Odujinrin, Laura. "The Dangers of Racial Gerrymandering in the Frontline Fight for Free and Fair Elections." University of Miami Race & Social Justice Law Review 12, no. 1: 164.

Porter, Sonya R., John L. Voorheis, and William Sabol. 2017. Correctional Facility and Inmate Locations: Urban and Rural Status Patterns. No. 2017-08. Center for Economic Studies, US Census Bureau

Samoray, Jeff. 2022. “Helping or Hindering? Criminology Professor Rita Shah Examines the Corrections and Parole System.” EMU Today, January 26, 2022. https://today.emich.edu/story/story/11941.

Schenk, Ellen. "Consequences and dangers of gerrymandering: An ongoing threat to voter equality and fairness." (2020).

Shah, Rita. 2019. “Without Representation: Prison-Based Gerrymandering and Felony Disenfranchisement.” Spark: Elevating Scholarship on Social Issues | National Center for Institutional Diversity, January 8, 2019. https://medium.com/national-center-for-institutional-diversity/without-representation-prison-based-gerrymandering-and-felony-disenfranchisement-375bc0366434.

Stachulski, Faith. "Prison Gerrymandering: Locking up Elections and Diluting Representational Equality." U. Ill. L. Rev. (2019): 401.

Stevens, Rebecca Harrison, Meagan Taylor Harding, Joaquin Gonzalez, and Emily Eby. "Handcuffing the Vote: Diluting Minority Voting Power through Prison Gerrymandering and Felon Disenfranchisement." Scholar 21 (2019): 195.

Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Taren. 2004. “Counting Matters: Prison Inmates, Population Bases, and One Person, One Vote.” Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 11: 229–306.

Suber, Sean. "The Senseless Census: An Administrative Challenge to Prison-Based Gerrymandering." Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L. 21 (2014): 471.

Thompson, Heather Ann. 2013. “How Prisons Change the Balance of Power in America.” The Atlantic, October 7. https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/10/how-prisons-change-the-balance-of-power-in-america/280341/

Wagner, Peter, and Daniel Kopf. "The racial geography of mass incarceration." Prison Policy Initiative (2015).

Wood, Erika L. "Implementing Reform: How Maryland & New York Ended Prison Gerrymandering." (2014).

Uggen, Christopher, and Jeff Manza. 2002. “Democratic Contraction? The Political Consequences of Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States.” American Sociological Review 67 (6): 777–803. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088970.