Black students from the Class of 1969 began attending the new Black-only Berkeley High School in January 1966. However, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 set the legal groundwork to withhold federal funds from school divisions resisting integration. The response across many school divisions in Virginia - including Williamsburg-James City County - was to adopt "freedom-of-choice" plans, which allowed students to choose what school to attend.
Freedom-of-choice letter from the Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools, March 4, 1967
Source: Stella Nieman Papers, William & Mary Special Collections Research Center
Under the freedom-of-choice plan in Williamsburg-James City County, most students remained in their existing schools, keeping segregation intact.
Dianne Lee, a Black student in the Class of 1968, explained why her parents, Warren and Luberia Lee, were reluctant to send her and her siblings to the historically white-only schools under freedom-of-choice:
Dianne Gwendolyn Lee
Courtesy: University of Maryland Medical System
"Our parents were worried about integrated schools—not that we wouldn’t get an education but about the process of getting that education. My father always said, nobody ever called you “Boy” and meant it with the little "B". We decided to stay in the Black school, mostly for our own mental health. Discrimination was already a reality in the community, why put it more in your face at school? I remember going to the Greyhound bus station and seeing white and colored bathrooms and water fountains, but my mother protected us from segregation as much as she could.
My mother always wanted us to feel that we were important in our community and expected to do good things. She felt that growing up was already hard, and she didn't want to make it harder by exposing us to people who didn’t want us. She wanted us to be where we were valued. This was the consensus among many in the Black community – they didn’t want their children to go to school where they were going to be knocked down. Their feelings of self-worth were important."
Despite these concerns, a handful of Black students forged the way for integration by registering to attend the previously white-only James Blair High School.
In September of 1964, three brave, Black students, Maria Olivia Tabb, Barbara Meekins, and Stanley Taylor, walked through the doors of James Blair High School to pave the way for integration.
Explore the recollections of Maria (Tabb) Norman, as well as her sister, Sylvia (Tabb) Lee, who integrated the elementary school in 1964:
Source: Maria (Tabb) Norman. November 9, 2021. The Village Initiative Oral History Collection.
Maria (Tabb) Norman remembers starting at the previously white-only James Blair in the 8th grade in 1964. Her father, Rev. James B. Tabb, was president of the NAACP, which required her to be among the first to integrate.
Source: Maria (Tabb) Norman. November 9, 2021. The Village Initiative Oral History Collection.
Maria (Tabb) Norman describes experiencing racially-charged harassment while waiting for the school bus.
Source: Maria (Tabb) Norman & Sylvia (Tabb) Lee. November 9, 2021. The Village Initiative Oral History Collection.
Maria (Tabb) Norman and Sylvia (Tabb) Lee explain how it felt to attend the previously white-only schools away from their friends.
Source: Sylvia (Tabb) Lee. November 9, 2021. The Village Initiative Oral History Collection.
Sylvia (Tabb) Lee talks about her experience being one of the only students of color in elementary school and her first time seeing a difference in people based on color.
Freedom-of-choice plans were challenged as early as 1965 when Charles C. Green brough a lawsuit against the School Board of New Kent County. In its Green v. School Board of New Kent County decision of 1968, the Supreme Court ruled that schools must "ensure racial balance in schools" and that freedom-of-choice plans did not meet these standards.
Source: Class of 1969 Oral History. March 12, 2022. The Village Initiative Oral History Collection.
Willis Potter remembers his experience integrating the previously white-only James Blair High School during the freedom-of-choice years. Mr. Potter integrated the school as a freshman in 1965, along with his older brothers, Charles and Ike.
In 1968-69, integration would become mandatory in the Williamsburg-James City County Schools. The Class of 1969 would be the first fully integrated class to graduate from the previously white-only James Blair High School. These Black seniors would be thrown into a completely new environment for their senior year, as Mary (Bartlett) Ashlock and Dale (Marsh) Jackson describe, as they paved the way for generations to come.
Source: Class of 1969 Oral History. March 12, 2022. The Village Initiative Oral History Collection.
James "Chuck" Brown began his education at Bruton Heights School. After his family moved to York County, he found himself among a small group of Black students who integrated the previously white-only York High School in the years before mandatory integration.
Source: James Brown. August 9, 2023. The Village Initiative Oral History Collection.
James Brown describes the racial harassment he experienced on the school bus.
Source: James Brown. August 9, 2023. The Village Initiative Oral History Collection.
James Brown describes the fear and anger he felt as he joined the previously white-only James Blair.
Source: James Brown. August 9, 2023. The Village Initiative Oral History Collection.
James Brown remembers the isolation he felt with only a few Black students attending York High.
Banner image: Willis Potter among his classmates at James Blair High School, 1967-68
Sources: The Beehive, 1967-68, William & Mary Special Collections Research Center