Building an Entrepreneurial Legacy in the Reconstruction Era

This article was written by Yvonne L. "Bonnie" Johnson, descendant of Anthony and Octavia Hundley.

I grew up listening to stories told to me by my grandmother, Sarah Eliza Hundley Payne.  She was so very proud that many of her family members formed a self-sustaining community of free African Americans living in an area known locally as The Reservation prior to the American Civil War.  The families on The Reservation were businessmen, farmers, oystermen, teachers, carpenters, and seamstresses.  Today, this area is known today as The Naval Weapons Station Yorktown. 

Anthony Hundley (1844-1904)
Courtesy: The Hundley Family History Committee

Octavia (Redcross) Hundley (1848-1912)
Courtesy: The Hundley Family History Committee

Here you see Anthony and Octavia Hundley captured in the 1865 Census of Colored People.  At this time, the young couple were living on the Tinsley Farm. 


Anthony was working as a farm laborer to support his family while Octavia managed the household. Anthony would later become an oysterer and farmer in his own right.

Anthony and Octavia Hundley recorded on the 1865 Census of the Colored Population of York County, March 11, 1865
Source: The National Archives in Washington, DC; Washington, DC; Records of the Field Offices For the State of Virginia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1872; NARA Series Number: M1913; NARA Reel Number: 203; NARA Record Group Number: 105; NARA Record Group Name: Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1861 - 1880; Collection Title: United States Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen 1865-1872

Anthony and Octavia also began to build a family. According to census records, they had fifteen children, but five were tragically lost in infancy or childhood. This included a child named Matt who died of croup at the age of 5 on December 5, 1892, and a daughter named Anna who was born on August 3, 1878 but appears to have passed away. The ten surviving children are: Bettie, Margaret, William, Anthony, Martha Jane, Joseph, Alexander, Catherine, Leah, and Sarah.

The Reservation community also grew. During the period of reconstruction, land purchases increased, churches were established, and land was identified to build a private school.

Rising Sun Baptist Church
Courtesy: Navy Mine Depot, Yorktown: Photographs of Buildings, ca. 1919; Box 90; Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General (Navy), 1799-1950, Record Group 125; National Archives Building, Washington, D.C. 

St. John Baptist Church
Courtesy: St. John Baptist Church

Little Zion Baptist Church
Courtesy: Navy Mine Depot, Yorktown: Photographs of Buildings, ca. 1919; Box 90; Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General (Navy), 1799-1950, Record Group 125; National Archives Building, Washington, D.C. 

On October 18, 1880, Anthony Hundley purchased 8 acres of land from the Tinsley family in the Reservation for the price of $80. Octavia's father, Henry Redcross, also purchased land from the Tinsleys at this time.

Anthony and Octavia built a two-story, six room home with a porch on the land in 1900, as well as a smoke house, a well, a hen house, and two sheds. They also built two 14x16 foot barns the same year. 


The family forged a diversified livelihood. Anthony cultivated three acres of the land, and the rest was timber, which was sometimes cut and sold. The family tended an orchard with 15 fruit trees and a vegetable garden on their property, and they kept horses, cattle, hogs, and chickens. 

Anthony and Octavia Hundley's home in the Reservation
Courtesy: Navy Mine Depot, Yorktown: Photographs of Buildings, ca. 1919; Box 90; Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General (Navy), 1799-1950, Record Group 125; National Archives Building, Washington, D.C. 

Listen to John Allen recall the stories his mother, Cora Hundley, passed on to him about his great-grandparents, Anthony Hundley and Octavia Hundley. 

John Allen, oral history excerpt
Courtesy: The Hundley History Committee

Anthony died in 1904 at the age of 60, without a will, leaving the land to Octavia. Octavia died in 1912, also without a will at the age of 64, leaving the undivided land to their ten children.  

One of Anthony and Octavia's sons, my Granduncle, Joseph “Doc” Hundley, Sr., owned 15 acres of land and had a very lucrative 1-acre oyster bed that he used as a source of income for years. He had a variety of interests which included oyster netting, carpentry, and owning a tour boat.  

Joseph "Doctor" Hundley, Sr.
Courtesy: Cynthia Pugh, granddaughter

Joseph Hundley's home in the Reservation
Courtesy: Navy Mine Depot, Yorktown: Photographs of Buildings, ca. 1919; Box 90; Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General (Navy), 1799-1950, Record Group 125; National Archives Building, Washington, D.C. 

Joseph (dubbed “Hero Joe”) represented Octavia Hundley’s estate during the valuation process when President Woodrow issued Executive Order 1492 on August 7, 1918, claiming eminent domain to establish a Navy Depot for WWI. They were given 30 days to vacate their property. In response, community members organized the Prayer Petition calling for more time to relocate. 

Joseph Hundley's name on the Prayer Petition
Source: Roberts, John A., Moses Lee, Annie E. Roberts, Cyrus Jones, and L. Redcross. 1918. Petition submitted to Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy, by residents of York County threatened with eviction by Presidential Proclamation #1492 dated November 15, 1918. General Correspondence, Records of the Bureau of Ordinance 1818-1967; Record Group 74; National Archives Building, Washington D.C.

An extension was granted; however, as landowners in the surrounding areas saw the increased demand for housing due to the displacement, they took advantage of the situation, asking for prices that even government representatives admitted were exorbitant. This made it very difficult for Reservation residents to purchase the same amount of acreage that they lost at a comparable price. The lives of Reservation residents and the lives of generations to come would be impacted forever by this forced move. 

During the valuation process, the government refused to compensate Joe for his oysters, asserting that oyster beds were part of the navigable waters of the US, and therefore could not be considered the property of the residents. While the attorney Frank Armistead’s legal arguments and Joe’s testimony allowed them to technically prevail, they gave him what they considered just compensation, $25.00, and the right to “remove the oyster bed.”    

Letter to Joseph Hundley from J.L. Latimer, Judge Advocate General of the Navy regarding compensation for his oysters and oyster beds
Source: “Hundley, Joseph;” Box 31; Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General (Navy), 1799-1950, Record Group 125; National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.  

Joseph's entrepreneurial legacy was passed to his children, Alberta, Louise, and Joseph Jr., who were all self-employed at one time.  

Alberta, Louise, Joseph Sr., and Joseph Jr.
Courtesy: Cynthia Pugh, Joseph Hundley Sr.'s granddaughter

His oldest daughter, Alberta Hundley Bethea, was the sole proprietress of the Hundley Nursing Home which she passed down to her daughter, Dorothy Hundley Pitts.  It is still standing today and is occupied as a single-family home. 

Alberta Hundley Bethea, Proprietress of the Hundley Nursing Home in Richmond, VA, daughter of Joseph Hundley
Courtey: Yvonne Johnson

Dorothy Pitts, with her children, Curtis and Shirley Scofield
Proprietress of the Hundley Nursing Home in Richmond, VA, granddaughter of Joseph Hundley
Courtey: Cynthia Pugh

Advertisement for the Hundley Nursing Home, owned first by Alberta Hundley Bethea and then Dorothy Hundley Pitts
Courtesy: Cynthia Pugh
Source: Richmond Times Dispatch, June 23, 1970

The Hundley Nursing Home as a single family home in 2023
Courtesy: Zillow.com

Joseph's second daughter, Louise, and her husband, Booker T. Orange, owned and operated a motel and restaurant/supper club in James City County. 

Louise Hundley
Courtesy: Cynthia Pugh

The Booker T. Inn, owned by Booker T. and Louise Hundley Orange
Courtesy: Cynthia Pugh

Louise Hundley Orange and Rosa Lee Minkins at the Supper Club
Courtesy: Cynthia Pugh

Joseph's son, Joe “Doc” Hundley, Jr., continued his legacy of the tour boat and worked construction.

The Hundley History Committee decided that there needed to be something tangible honoring the displaced families of The Reservation because the Navy had no reference of our family’s history included on their website or how the land was acquired for the navy depot.  On September 10, 2022 a Historic Highway Marker was unveiled outside the Main Gate of the Naval Weapon Station, Yorktown, Virginia, as a daily reminder of our families' contribution and sacrifice.    

Reservation Marker Unveiling, September 10, 2022

Courtesy: The Hundley History Committee

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