KNOW THIS!!

Post date: Sep 07, 2015 8:31:15 PM

Unit 1: Measurements

1-Dark & rough / absorbs light

Light & smooth / reflects light

2-The closer & larger two objects are / the greater the force of gravity

3-When in doubt / use the reference tables

Unit 2: Measuring Earth

4-The earth’s orbit is / nearly circular

5-The earth rotates / west to east, 15 degrees per hour, in 24 hours or one day

6-Shadows get longer as the sun / gets lower

7-The altitude of Polaris equals / the latitude of the observer

8-The earth revolves / counterclockwise, 1 degree per day, in 365 1/4 days or one year

Unit 3: Topographic Maps

9-The closer isolines are / the steeper the gradient

Unit 4: Weathering & Erosion

10-Weathering occurs when rocks are exposed to / the hydrosphere, biosphere, & atmosphere

11-Moist & warm climates favor / chemical weathering

12-Moist & cold climates favor / physical weathering

13-As particle size decreases / surface area increases & the rate of weathering increases

14-Soils develop as a result of / weathering and biological activity

15-The primary force that drives the agents of erosion is / gravity

16-Stream velocity depends on / gradient and volume of water

17-The outside of a meander bend is / fast and erodes. The inside of a meander bend is / slow and deposits

18-As stream velocity increases, the size of the particles that can be transported / increases

19-Streams carry sediments by / solution, suspension, bouncing & rolling

20- Streams valleys are / V shaped

21-The area drained by a river and its tributaries is a / watershed

Unit 5: Deposition & Glaciations

22-The particles that settle out first are / larger, most dense, and roundest

23-Water and wind deposits are / sorted by size and layered

24-Gravity and glacial deposits are / unsorted

25-Resistant layers of rock / stick out (forms cliffs)

26-Glacial landscapes show / U shaped valleys, depressions, irregular hills, scratched boulders

27-The sediments deposited at the mouth of a river form a / delta

Unit 6: Minerals & Resources

28-The mineral & rock that react to acid are/ calcite & limestone

29-Minerals are identified on the basis of / well defined physical and chemical properties

30-The basic elements of most minerals are / oxygen and silicon

31-The physical properties of minerals depends upon / the internal arrangement and bonding of atoms

Unit 7: Rocks

32-Rocks are classified on the basis of / their origin (how they formed)

33-Igneous rocks form by / the crystallization of molten magma or lava (intergrown crystals)

34-Crystal size in igneous rocks depends on / the rate of cooling

35-Intrusive igneous rocks form / slowly beneath the earth’s surface (large crystals)

36-Extrusive igneous rocks form / quickly on the earth’s surface (small crystals)

37-Continents are / granite and thick

Oceans are / basalt and thin

38-Sedimentary rocks form from / sediments, evaporation of water and organic remains

39-Rocks are identified by their / texture

Igneous / Coarse, fine, glassy, vesicular

Sedimentary / clastic

Metamorphic / foliated

40-Fossils are found almost exclusively in / sedimentary rocks

41-Metamorphic rocks form from / other rocks by the action of heat and/or pressure (recrystallization)

42-Contact metamorphism occurs when / molten rock comes in contact with other rocks

43-Regional metamorphism occurs / over large areas and is associated with mountain building

Unit 8: Plate Tectonics & Earthquakes

44-Plate tectonics is caused by/mantle convection currents

45-The farther you go from the center of a ridge/the older the rocks get

46-One seismograph can give you/epicenter distance

To get the direction you need/three seismographs

47-We know the outer core is liquid because / S waves cant go through it

48-Plate tectonics says / the earth’s lithosphere is divided into pieces called plates that move

49-The 3 types of plate boundaries are / divergent (moving away at mid ocean ridges), convergent (coming together) and transform (sliding / San Andreas Fault)

50-Subduction is when / one plate sinks under another forming a trench

Unit 9: Geologic Time

51-In undisturbed strata, the bottom layer is / older

52-Faults, folds, & intrusions are / younger than the rocks they are found in

53-Index fossils are / found over a wide area and existed for a short period of time

54-An unconformity is a / buried erosional surface

Unconformities represent a / gap in the geologic record

55-The half life of a radioactive istope / cannot be changed

56-Carbon is used to date / recent organic remains

57-Most life forms of the geologic past have / become extinct

Unit 10: Weather

58- The weather in a high is/ nice (sunny no precip)

The weather in a low is/ bad (cloudy & precip)

59-The 500 rule says/over 500 add a 9, below 500 add a 10, and always add a decimal

60-Precipitation occurs when: warm, moist air rises, expands and cools

61-Warm air is capable of / holding more water vapor than cool air

62-As altitude increases, air pressure / decreases

63-Wind is named for / the direction it comes from

Wind is caused by / differences in air pressure

64-The closer air temperature is to the dew point / the greater the chance of precipitation

65-Air in a low pressure area is / warm & moist

Air in a high pressure area is / cool & dry

66-A rising barometer means / good weather is coming

A falling barometer means / bad weather is coming

A steady barometer means / no change

67-Fronts occur where / air masses meet

68-The most likely areas for precipitation are / the leading edges of air masses (fronts)

69-The circulation around a low pressure system is / counterclockwise, toward the center, where air rises

The circulation around a high pressure system is / clockwise, away from the center, where air sinks

70-Weather systems in the US usually move / from west to east (with a hook to the NE)

71-CT / warm & dry CP / cool & dry

MT / warm & moist MP / cool& moist

72-Hurricanes form / over warm oceans in summer and autumn

73-Hurricanes lose strength / as they move over land or cool water

Unit 11: Insolation & The Water Cycle

74-Porosity does NOT depend on / particle size

75-As particle size increases, permeability / increases

76-As particle size increases, capillary action / decreases

77-In the US, at noon, to see the sun you have to face / south

78-The seasons are caused by / the tilt of the earth’s axis & the revolution around the sun

79-The intensity of sunlight varies with / the angle of

the sun

80-The sun is most intense at an angle of / 90

81-Summer solstice / June 21

sun rises / north of east

sun sets / north of west

sun’s altitude / highest of year

vertical ray hits / tropic of cancer

NY gets / 16 hours of daylight

North Pole gets / 24 hours of daylight

82-Winter solstice / December 21

sun rises / south of east

sun sets / south of west

sun’s altitude / lowest of year

vertical ray hits / tropic of Capricorn

NY gets / 8 hours daylight

North Pole gets / 0 hours daylight

83-Vernal Equinox / March 21

Autumnal Equinox / September 23

sun rises / due east

sun sets / due west

vertical ray hits / equator

whole earth gets / 12 hours

84-The equator always receives / 12 hours of intense sunlight

85-The earth absorbs mostly / short wavelength light energy

86-The earth reradiates mostly / long wavelength heat energy

87-Gases such as carbon dioxide / prevent the escape of heat causing the greenhouse effect

88-Marine climate has / cool summers & warm winter

89- Continental climate has / cold winter& hot summers

90-Leeward side of a mountain is / dry & warm due to compression

91-Windward side of a mountain is / cool & moist due to expansion

Unit 12: Astronomy

92-Two proofs that the earth rotates / Coriolis Effect & Foucaults Pendulum

93-The proof that the universe is expanding is /the redshift

94-A new moon occurs when / the moon is between the earth & the sun

A full moon occurs when / the earth is between the sun & the moon

95-A solar eclipse happens when / The moon is between the earth & the sun and it blocks out the sun

96-A lunar eclipse happens when / the Earth is between the sun & the moon and the Earths shadow hits the moon

97-As a planet gets closer to the sun / the faster it orbits

98-The earth’s orbit around the sun is / nearly circular

99-The moon revolves / around the earth, in an elliptical orbit, in one month