A variety of rocks
(smooth rocks, rough rocks, rocks with holes, etc)
Several water bottles (enough to hold each type of rock in its own container)
Water
Freezer
Take your rocks and put each kind in a separate water bottle.
Fill each bottle with the same amount of water. Cover all the rocks. Label all the bottles.
Put into the freezer (or leave outside if it's cold enough), and freeze until the water becomes ice
Take it out and thaw the ice.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 about 3-5 more times for each bottle.
Take the rocks out and observe which kind looks the most damaged.
Record your results.
Ask Yourself:
Did your rocks have any visible cracks or holes?
What may have caused a rock to be damaged more than others?
How it Works:
Ice expands when it freezes. So when water drips into cracks of rocks and pavement, the water freezes and expands in the cracks at night and the rock is damaged.
The largest volcanic eruption in recorded history was in Indonesia with the eruption of Tambora in 1815.
The largest volcanic eruption in recent history was in Indonesia with the eruption of Toba in several thousand years ago.