STANDARDS ORGANIZED BY UNIT

How Can I Make New Stuff from Old Stuff

Chemical Reactions & Conservation of Matter

1. Properties are unique characteristics that help identify a substance and distinguish one substance from another.

2. A substance is made of only one type of material (atoms or molecules) all the way through.

3. A mixture is made of more than one substance (or more than one type of atom or molecule).

4. Solubility is the capacity of one substance to dissolve in another substance.

5. Hardness and melting point are both properties of substances. Melting point is the temperature at which a solid substance starts to become a liquid.

6. Properties of a given substance are the same regardless of the amount of the substance.

7. Density is the mass in a set volume of a substance. It is calculated mathematically by determining the ratio of the mass of a sample to the volume it occupies.

8. A chemical reaction happens when two or more substances combine in ways that make new substances form that have different properties from the beginning materials

9. Burning is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide.

10 A reactant is a starting substance in a chemical reaction. A product is the substance made by a chemical reaction.

11. A chemical reaction occurs when substances interact and their atoms combine in new ways to form new substances. The new substances and the old substances are made of the same atoms, but those atoms are arranged in new ways. As a result, the new substances have different properties from the original materials.

12. A chemical reaction is the process of one substance breaking down or two or more substances interacting and their atoms combine in new ways to form new substances with different properties from the old substances.

13. Phase changes and mixing do not make new substances.

14. Atoms do not combine in new ways during a phase change or mixing.

15. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. In a chemical reaction, the number of atoms stays the same, therefore matter and mass are always conserved.

Lessons Scientific Principles

1. Any moving object has kinetic energy (KE)

2. An object’s kinetic energy increases as its speed and/or its mass increases.

3. Any elevated object has gravitational energy (GE).

4. An object’s gravitational energy increases as its elevation and/or mass increases.

5. Energy can be transformed (converted) from one type to another.

6. Any deformed rigid object has elastic energy.

7. An object’s elastic energy increases as its deformation and/or its rigidity increases.

8. Energy can be transferred between systems.

9. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. If some energy appears to be missing, it has either been transformed to a type that is not readily apparent or has been transferred to another system.

10. Every object has thermal energy.

11. An object’s thermal energy increases as its temperature and/or mass increases.

12. TE is the total KE of molecules or atoms that results from their random motion. The hotter the object the faster its particles move.

13. Sound is associated with the coordinated back-and-forth motion of particles.

14. When an object emits sound, it loses some of its energy to the surroundings.

15, Chemical energy is transformed into other types of energy during a chemical reaction.

16. An object’s chemical energy increases as its mass increases. The type of substance an object is made of influences the amount of chemical energy it has.

17. Electrical energy can be transformed into other types of energy in a closed conducting circuit with an energy source.

18. A battery transforms chemical energy into electrical energy. A generator transforms kinetic energy into electric energy.

What Makes Weather Change

Atmospheric Processes in Weather and Climate

1. Light energy from the sun is mostly transmitted through the air before reaching the ground, and the ground absorbs some of the light energy that reaches it.

2. Molecules transfer thermal energy from one end of an object to another and to other objects by collision between molecules that transfer the kinetic energy of one molecule to another (conduction).

3. The air at the Earth’s surface is primarily heated by the transfer of thermal energy from the ground below it.

4. When thermal energy is transferred from the heat source (Earth) to the air, it increases the kinetic energy of the air molecules and the air becomes less dense and rises.

5. When warmer, less dense air rises, cooler, more dense air moves in to take its place (convection).

6. Low-density air columns have low pressure and high density air columns have high pressure. Air masses move when high-pressure air pushes into the space of low-pressure air.

7. When warmer less dense air is lifted by cooler more dense air, the less dense air is said to be unstable as it transfers energy to the surrounding air.

8. A front is the boundary between two large air masses. When two air masses of different temperatures blend so that their temperature and water vapor content are the same, we say it has reached equilibrium. If it happens quickly, the atmosphere is said to be stable and if it happens slowly, the atmosphere is said to be unstable.

9. The greater the difference of temperature and pressure of two colliding air masses, the more unstable the atmosphere and more likely a storm will develop.

10. Water vapor in the atmosphere condenses around particles of dust to form clouds. Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

11. As water vapor condenses, it changes to a liquid and releases energy to the surrounding air.

12. Since condensation is transferring energy to the air around it, the air has more thermal energy and will continue to rise. As it rises, it will continue to condense and form higher clouds until there is no more water vapor in the air and no energy to be transferred.

13. Intensity of light varies depending how far north or south of the equator you are and how long the light shines on a place.

14. Temperatures vary in a predictable pattern depending on latitude.

15. Intensity differences explain why temperatures vary in the same pattern.

16. The Earth is tilted on its axis, cause light to hit the Earth more intensely and for longer periods of time in different parts of the Earth during the year. This causes seasons.

What is Going On Inside Me?

Body Systems and Cellular Processes

1. All living things share certain characteristics: growth, reproduction, metabolism, and response to stimuli.

2. All living things are made of cells. Some organisms are single cells and other contain trillions of cells.

3. The human body is a system made up of subsystems that work and interact to support the cells need for survival.

4. In multicellular organisms, cells organize into tissues, organs, and systems that perform specific functions.

5. For the body to use food for energy and building materials, it must be broken down into molecules and transported to the cells.

6. In cells, there is a chemical reaction involving glucose and oxygen that releases energy.

7. Cells use food for building materials and energy.

8. Body systems provide cells with basic needs such as food, oxygen, and waste removal.

9. Cells carry out functions like growing, reproducing, getting energy from food, and responding to stimuli. Cells are living things.

10. The nervous system coordinates all other body systems.